Author name code: gingerich ADS astronomy entries on 2022-09-14 author:"Gingerich, Owen" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Title: The Role of Ephemerides from Ptolemy to Kepler Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2017ASSP...50...17G Altcode: Celestial timekeeping relied in the first instance on the movements of the stars and planets. The principal systematic positions of planets are recorded in ephemerides, which are primarily predictions, not observations. Prior to the invention of printing, ephemerides are extremely rare, which gives lie to the widespread mythology that astronomers before the days of printing were eagerly observing the heavens to add epicycles to improve the accuracy of the tables. Title: Book Review: The Abridged Almagest Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2016JHA....47..448G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Copernicus: A Very Short Introduction Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2016cvsi.book.....G Altcode: Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) was the astronomer whose shocking vision of a sun-centered universe turned out to be the essential blueprint for a physical understanding of celestial motions. Copernicus: A Very Short Introduction offers a fascinating portrayal of the man who launched the modern vision of the universe. It sets Copernicus in the context of a rapidly changing world, where the recent invention of printing with movable type not only made sources more readily available to him, but also fueled Martin Luther's transformation of the religious landscape. Copernicus's heliocentric revolution is revealed as an aesthetic achievement not dictated by observational "proofs," but another new way of looking at the ancient cosmos.Less Title: Book Review: Longitude for the Coffee Table Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2016JHA....47..224G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Letter: On Galileo and the Moon Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2016JRASC.110...95G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Studien zur "Sphaera' des Johannes de Sacrobosco Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2015JHA....46..101G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Recreating Galileo's 1609 Discovery of Lunar Mountains Authors: Pasachoff, Jay M.; Needham, Paul S.; Wright, Ernest T.; Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2014DPS....4610606P Altcode: The question of exactly which lunar features persuaded Galileo that there were mountains on the moon has not yet been definitively answered; Galileo was famously more interested in the concepts rather than the topographic mapping in his drawings and the eventual engravings. Since the pioneering work of Ewen Whitaker on trying to identify which specific lunar-terminator features were those that Galileo identified as mountains on the moon in his 1609 observations reported in his Sidereus Nuncius (Venice, 1610), and since the important work on the sequence of Galileo's observations by Owen Gingerich (see "The Mystery of the Missing 2" in Galilaeana IX, 2010, in which he concludes that "the Florentine bifolium sheet [with Galileo's watercolor images] is Galileo's source for the reworked lunar diagrams in Sidereus Nuncius"), there have been advances in lunar topographical measurements that should advance the discussion. In particular, one of us (E.T.W.) at the Scientific Visualization Studio of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center has used laser-topography from NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter to recreate what Galileo would have seen over a sequence of dates in late November and early December 1609, and provided animations both at native resolution and at the degraded resolution that Galileo would have observed with his telescope. The Japanese Kaguya spacecraft also provides modern laser-mapped topographical maps. Title: God's Planet Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2014gopl.book.....G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The first published chart of the Andromeda Nebula, 1667 Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2014AAS...22430605G Altcode: The Parisian astronomer Ismaél Bullialdus (1605-1694) is known for his planetary tables (Astronomia philolaica, 1645) based on a geometrical approximation to the Keplerian ellipse, and for his long correspondence with the Danzig astronomer Johannes Hevelius and with Christiaan Huygens. Bullialdus became interested in the nascent study of variable stars, and in 1667 published a small pamphlet with two contributions, one on Mira Ceti and the other on the nebula in Andromeda. He found a manuscript portraying the nebula with the date 1428, and because Tycho Brahe never mentioned a nebula in Andromeda, Bullialdus conjectured that this object was a variable that had disappeared in the intervening era. “We conclude this since this conglomeration was observed neither by Hipparchus nor anyone else in antiquity, nor in the previous age by Tycho, nor in the age of our forefathers like Bayer.” His publication included a handsome engraving of the image of Andromeda and the position of the nebula, its first printed chart. I recently acquired a copy of this rare pamphlet, Ad astronomos monita duo, and realized that the image matched a manuscript now in the Gotha Research Library, a 15th-century Latin version based on the work of the tenth-century Islamic astronomer, al-Sufi. The manuscript does not carry the name of al-Sufi, and hence Bullialdus had no real clue about its origin or its date of composition. Paul Kunitzsch (The Arabs and the Stars, 1989, Article XI, “The Astronomer Abu ’l-Husayn al-Sufi”) has identified a group of eight “Latin al-Sufi” manuscripts from this period, scattered in European libraries, but only the one now in Gotha is an exact match to Bullialdus’ engraving. The al-Sufi manuscript was given to the Gotha Library in 1798 by Duke Ernst II of Saxonia-Gotha-Altenburg, who must have acquired it from France sometime in the 18th century. Title: Book Review: Kepler on Astrology: Kepler's Cosmological Synthesis: Astrology, Mechanism and the Soul, Kepler's Astrology, Johannes Kepler Gesammelte Werke Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2014JHA....45..137G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Offusius, Jofrancus Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2014bea..book.1600G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Copernicus, Nicolaus Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2014bea..book..462G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Transits in the Seventeenth Century and the Credentialling of Keplerian Astronomy Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2013JHA....44..303G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The Critical Importance of Russell's Diagram Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 2013ASPC..471..205G Altcode: 2013arXiv1302.0862G The idea of dwarf and giants stars, but not the nomenclature, was first established by Eijnar Hertzsprung in 1905; his first diagrams in support appeared in 1911. In 1913 Henry Norris Russell could demonstrate the effect far more strikingly because he measured the parallaxes of many stars at Cambridge, and could plot absolute magnitude against spectral type for many points. The general concept of dwarf and giant stars was essential in the galactic structure work of Harlow Shapley, Russell's first graduate student. In order to calibrate the period-luminosity relation of Cepheid variables, he was obliged to fall back on statistical parallax using only 11 Cepheids, a very sparse sample. Here the insight provided by the Russell diagram became critical. The presence of yellow K giant stars in globular clusters credentialed his calibration of the period-luminosity relation by showing that the calibrated luminosity of the Cepheids was comparable to the luminosity of the K giants. It is well known that in 1920 Shapley did not believe in the cosmological distances of Heber Curtis' spiral nebulae. It is not so well known that in 1920 Curtis' plot of the period-luminosity relation suggests that he didn't believe it was a physical relation and also he failed to appreciate the significance of the Russell diagram for understanding the large size of the Milky Way. Title: Obituary: Curtis Alan Wilson (1921-2012) Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2013JHA....44...93G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: The Cambridge Photographic Star Atlas Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2012JHA....43..359G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Centennial Highlights in Astronomy Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 2012JAVSO..40..438G Altcode: 2012JAVSO.tmp..194G Remarks presented at the 100th Annual Meeting of the AAVSO, October 8, 2011. Title: Book Review: Uranometria von Johann Bayer 1603. Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2012JHA....43..257G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: The Origins of the Telescope Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2012JHA....43..252G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Astronomy: On the track of the transit Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2012Natur.485..305G Altcode: Owen Gingerich enjoys two histories of the expeditions that aimed to measure the passage of Venus across the face of the Sun. Title: Obituary: John Allen Eddy (1931-2009) Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2011BAAS...43..008G Altcode: Jack Eddy, who was born 25 March 1931 in Pawnee City in southeastern Nebraska, died after a long battle with cancer in Tucson, Arizona, on 10 June 2009. Best known for his work on the long-term instability of the sun, described in a landmark paper in Science titled "The Maunder Minimum," he also deserves recognition as one of the triumvirate who founded the Historical Astronomy Division of the AAS.

His father ran a cooperative farm store where Jack worked as a teenager; his parents were of modest means and there were concerns whether he could afford college, but one of the state senators, also from Pawnee City, nominated him for the U.S. Naval Academy. A course in celestial navigation gave him a love of the sky. After graduation in 1953, he served four years on aircraft carriers in the Pacific during the Korean War and then as a navigator and operations officer on a destroyer in the Persian Gulf. In 1957, he left the Navy and entered graduate school at the University of Colorado in Boulder, where in 1962 he received a Ph.D. in astro-geophysics. His thesis, supervised by Gordon Newkirk, dealt with light scattering in the upper atmosphere, based on data from stratospheric balloon flights. He then worked as teacher and researcher at the High Altitude Observatory in Boulder.

Always adventuresome and willing to explore new frontiers, on his own time Eddy examined an Amerindian stone circle in the Big Horn mountains of Wyoming, a so-called medicine wheel, concluding that there were alignments with both the solstitial sun and Aldebaran. His conjectures became a cover story on Science magazine in June of 1974.

In 1971 Jack privately reproduced for his friends a small collection of his own hilarious cartoons titled "Job Opportunities for Out-of-work Astronomers," with an abstract beginning, "Contrary to popular belief, a PhD in Astronomy/Astrophysics need not be a drawback in locating work in this decade." For example, under merchandising, a used car salesman advertises, "This Mercury is Hot! Red Shift, Black Body, and a Perfect Radiator." Ironically, within a few years he was laid off from his HAO position as a result of budget cuts at its parent organization, the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). In an interview a quarter of a century later Eddy remarked, "I found out how hard it is for a person with a Ph.D. to get another job at that time, and often wished I didn't have one, for I was often told, true or not, that I was overqualified for the few jobs that turned up."

Eddy found a temporary job writing a book for NASA as part of a series on the Skylab spacecraft; the book, The New Sun, was published in 1979. Again, working on his own time, he revived an earlier finding, namely, that between 1645 and 1715 the sun was almost devoid of spots, and he greatly extended the previous work of Gustav Spörer and Walter Maunder by showing during that period a dearth of aurorae and atmospheric carbon-14, a diminution of the solar corona during eclipses, and probably a correlation with cooling of the earth. For onomatopoiec reasons, the rhythm of the m's, Eddy chose the title "the Maunder Minimum" for the phenomenon, and for his unusually long cover story in the 18 June 1976 issue of Science. The paper was well received, and for a while Eddy was an invited speaker fifty times a year. In 1977, Eddy scored yet again, with his third cover story in Science, a jointly authored paper on solar rotation in the early 17th century.

In 1977-78 Eddy had a fellowship at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, and during that time Ken Brecher and I had a series of conversations with Jack in which we worked out a proposal for a historical astronomy division within the AAS; since I had just been an AAS Councilor, I negotiated with the Society for its actualization, and Eddy became the first HAD president, in 1981-83. He introduced the logo, Dürer's ancient astronomer, and at the end of his term, the plaque with the motto "Ich bin HAD," which has been passed on to every subsequent division president. At the IAU meeting in New Delhi, Eddy became president of the IAU Commission 41 on the history of astronomy (1985-88).

While at the CfA Eddy received a tenure offer from the director, George Field. But Eddy's wife, Marjorie Bratt Eddy, and four children had remained behind, and Jack felt obliged to return to Colorado. With the offer from the Smithsonian Observatory and his considerable fame, HAO and NCAR were eager to rehire him.

Eddy soon became increasingly interested in interdisciplinary sciences, turning away from his earlier enthusiasm for the history of astronomy. He became the first chairman of a National Academy of Sciences committee for an International Geosphere-Biosphere Program, which later became the U.S. Global Change Program. Early in 1986, UCAR (the University Corporation for Atmospheric research, which managed NCAR) formalized its response to the challenge of global change with a new Office for Interdisciplinary Earth Studies, which Eddy founded and directed. The office focused efforts to bring the atmospheric sciences and other relevant disciplines together to study the earth's living and inanimate elements as a single system.

In 1987 Eddy received the Arctowski medal from the National Academy of Science, an honor awarded triennially for studies in solar physics and solar terrestrial relationships.

In 1992 Eddy found a new opportunity as chief scientist and vice president of the Center for International Earth Science Information Network, which he described as a federally funded pork barrel project in Michigan. Meanwhile Eddy had divorced; he remarried in 1992 to a fellow worker at UCAR, and he and his new wife, Barbara, relocated to Saginaw, Michigan. After two years he was "extremely frustrated" by the bureaucracy, so he and Barbara struck out on their own, founding the newsletter Consequences (with support from five federal agencies) to explain in popular terms the nature and eventual impacts of environmental changes of all kinds. In 2004 they moved to Tucson, where Eddy worked for NASA at the National Solar Observatory until the time of his death.

Author's Note: A principal source of information is the interview with John A. Eddy by Spencer Weart on 21 April 1999, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history/ohilist/22910.html. See also the obituary by Peter Foukal in Physics Today, January 2010, pp. 60-61. Title: Astronomy: Recasting the heavens Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2011Natur.477..276G Altcode: Dava Sobel mixes fact and fiction to great effect in her biography of Copernicus, finds Owen Gingerich. Title: Book Review: The Zodiac of Paris Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2011JHA....42..418G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Kepler, Galileo and the birth of modern astronomy Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2011IAUS..260..172G Altcode: The International Year of Astronomy marks the 400th anniversary of Kepler's Astronomia nova and the first use of the telescope for astronomy, most notably leading to Galileo's Sidereus nuncius (1610). Kepler's book for the first time argued strongly for a physical basis to astronomical explanations. Galileo's work showed that a coherent understanding was more important for scientific progress than specific proofs. The efforts of both astronomers undermined the traditional geocentric cosmology and essentially brought about the birth of modern astronomy. Title: How Galileo Constructed the Moons of Jupiter Authors: Gingerich, Owen; van Helden, Albert Bibcode: 2011JHA....42..259G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Science and Theology in the Reformation: Studies in Theological Interpretation and Astronomical Observation in Sixteenth-Century Germany Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2011JHA....42..267G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Astrum 2009: Astronomy and Instruments: Italian Heritage Four Hundred Years after Galileo Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2011JHA....42..116G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The great Martian catastrophe and how Kepler fixed it Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2011PhT....64i..50G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Brian Marsden (1937-2010) Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2010Natur.468.1042G Altcode: The walking encyclopedia of comets. Title: 2010 WA Authors: Sayers, L.; Housman, A. E.; Sekanina, Z.; Gingerich, O.; Green, D. W. E.; Bopp, T.; Hale, A.; Herget, P.; Bardwell, C. M.; Williams, G. V. Bibcode: 2010MPEC....W...10S Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Atlas of the Messier Objects Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2010JHA....41..419G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The General History of Astronomy Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2010gha..book.....G Altcode: Foreword; Preface; Acknowledgements; Part I. The Birth of Astrophysics and Other Late Nineteenth-Century Trends (c.1850-c.1920); 1. The origins of astrophysics A. J. Meadows; 2. The impact of photography on astronomy John Lankford; 3. Telescope building, 1850-1900 Albert Van Helden; 4. The new astronomy A. J. Meadows; 5. Variable stars Helen Sawyer Hogg; 6. Stellar evolution and the origin of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram David DeVorkin; Part II. Observatories and Instrumentation: 7. Astronomical institutions. Introduction Owen Gingerich, Greenwich Observatory Philip S. Laurie, Paris Observatory Jacques Lévy, Pulkovo Observatory Aleksandr A. Mikhailov, Harvard College Observatory Howard Plotkin, United States Naval Observatory Deborah Warner, Lick Observatory Trudy E. Bell, Potsdam Astrophysical Observatory Dieter B. Herrmann; 8. Building large telescopes, 1900-1950 Albert Van Helden; 9. Astronomical institutions in the southern hemisphere, 1850-1950 David S. Evans; 10. Twentieth-century instrumentation Charles Fehrenbach, with a section on 'Early rockets in astronomy' Herbert Friedman; 11. Early radio astronomy Woodruff T. Sullivan III; Appendix: The world's largest telescopes, 1850-1950 Barbara L. Welther; Illustrations: acknowledgements and sources; Index. Title: Book Review: Astrologia Opere a Stampa (1492-1900) Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2010JHA....41..143G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Galileo: Images of the Universe from Antiquity to the Telescope Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2010JHA....41..145G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: How Galileo and Kepler Countered Aristotle's Cosmological Errors Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 2009ASPC..409..242G Altcode: Aristotle made two major common sense assumptions that ultimately had to be refuted to open the way to modern science. One was the dichotomy between celestial and terrestrial. The other was the separation of astronomy from physics. Galileo, particularly with his examination of the moon in the Sidereus nuncius, was a pioneer in destroying the first assumption, while Kepler, whose Astronomia nova was subtitled ``based on causes, or celestial physics,'' broke the stranglehold of the second. The importance of these fundamental contributions toward establishing the nature of modern science, which paved the way for Isaac Newton, is often overshadowed by their more specific contributions in optics or mechanics. Title: Obituary: John David North (1934-2008) Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2009JHA....40..335G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Year of astronomy: Mankind's place in the Universe Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2009Natur.457...28G Altcode: Technological developments in astronomy have long helped to answer some of the greatest questions tackled by humanity, recounts Owen Gingerich. Title: Book Review: Mikołaj Kopernik Dzieła Wszystkie, iii Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2008JHA....39..416G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Not so amateur Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2008Natur.453..156G Altcode: Volunteer star-gazers tracking satellites at the start of the space age often surpassed the professionals. Title: Publish or Perish: The Case of Thomas Harriot Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2007AAS...211.3401G Altcode: 2007BAAS...39..786G In 1585 the 25-year old Thomas Harriot set foot on Roanoke Island, just inside the barrier island of what is now North Carolina but what was then called Virginia. Harriot, under the patronage of Sir Walter Raleigh, was the cartographer and navigational expert on a colonizing expedition, and he was perhaps the first scientist to take up temporary residence in North America. On his return to Britain he published, at the insistence of Raleigh, a now quite rare promotional pamphlet, A briefe and true report of the New Found Land of Virginia (1588). This was the only thing he published in his lifetime, so his reputation virtually perished. Centuries later his 10,000 pages of manuscripts began to be investigated, so we now know that he anticipated Galileo in the discovery of sunspots, though his telescopic drawings of the moon were strongly influenced by what he saw in Galileo's Sidereus nuncius. Harriot corresponded briefly with Kepler, and had he shared his optical observations, the law of refraction might have become available much earlier. Harriot died in 1621 of cancer of the nose, possibly exacerbated by a habit he helped to import from America, "drinking” tobacco fumes. Title: Revisiting The Fitness of the Environment Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2007fcl..book...20G Altcode: 2008fclb.book...20G No abstract at ADS Title: Quests of a theoretical astronomer Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2007Natur.450..480G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book review: Heinrich Rantzau und die Astrologie / Disquisitiones Historiae Scientiarum, Braunschweiger Beiträge zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte, Band 2; Braunschweig, 318 pp., 2004, ISBN 3-927939-65-X. Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2007JHA....38..510G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Gutenberg's Gift Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 2007ASPC..377..319G Altcode: 2007lisa.conf..319G Printing with movable type provided a great impetus for astronomy, both for preserving observations and for disseminating ideas. For example, Copernicus relied almost entirely on printed sources for the data needed in his De revolutionibus. Cheap textbooks helped bring knowledge of basic astronomy to a widening literate audience, in the university and beyond. Printed ephemerides were a major output from astronomers, and an examination of the accuracy of their positions shows us the gradual improvement in planetary theory. This ``show-and-tell talk" was illustrated with books from Prof. Gingerich's personal collection of early astronomy books, including his particularly extensive group of early ephemerides. Title: Book Review: le Conflit Entre L'astronomie Nouvelle et L'ÉCRITURE Sainte aux Xvie et Xviie SIÈCLES : un Moment de L'histoire des IDÉES : autour de L'affaire GALILÉE / Honore Champion, 2005 Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2007JHA....38..253G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The Inside Story of Pluto's Demotion Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2006S&T...112e..34G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: THE TOLEDON TABLES / Historik-filosofiske Skrifter 24; Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 2002 Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2006JHA....37..166G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Supplement to the Copernicus Census Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2006JHA....37..232G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: The Toledan Tables / Historisk-filosofiske Skrifter 24; Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Copenhagen, 1662 pp. in 4 volumes, 2002, ISBN 87-7876-267-7. Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2006JHA....37..116G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: God's Universe Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2006goun.book.....G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Stars and Numbers: Astronomy and Mathematics in the Medieval Arab and Western Worlds / Variorum, 2004 Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2006JHA....37..363G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Die Korrespondenz des Astronomen und Kalendermachers Gottfried Kirch / Verlag IKS Garamond, Jena, 2006 Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2006JHA....37..485G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: A Titan of physics Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2005Natur.438.1083G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Tycho Brahe and the Nova of 1572 Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 2005ASPC..342....3G Altcode: The brilliant Nova of 1572 marked the beginning of the end of Aristotelian cosmology and provided the defining moment when the young Tycho Brahe became a professional astronomer. He received more than a ton of gold from the Danish king to build his Uraniborg Observatory. His instruments, the finest produced in the pre-telescopic age, enabled him to establish that both the nova and the Comet of 1577 lay beyond the moon, contrary to Aristotle's teaching. His major attempt to establish the distance to Mars (in order to distinguish between the Ptolemaic and Copernican cosmologies) failed, but left in its wake a magnificently accurate set of data that enabled Kepler to make the greatest advance in celestial mechanics since Copernicus himself. Title: Book review: The church and Galileo / Ernan McMullin (ed.), University of Notre Dame Press, Indiana, 12 + [2] + 392 pp., 2005, ISBN 0-268-03484-2. Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2005JHA....36R.443G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Planetary Pretzels Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2005S&T...110e..81G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book review: Retrying Galileo, 1633 - 1992 / University of California Press Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 12 + 485 pp., 2005, ISBN 0-520-24261-0. Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2005JHA....36Q.443G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Die Copernicus-Biographien des 16. bis 18. Jahrhunderts (nicolaus Copernicus Gesamtausgabe, Ix) / Akademie Verlag, Berlin, 2004 Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2005JHA....36..343G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Exploring Ancient Skies, by David H. Kelley and Eugene F. Milone Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2005S&T...110R..91G Altcode: 2005S&T...110b..91G No abstract at ADS Title: Credentialing Kepler: Transits in the Seventeenth Century Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 2005DPS....37.0801G Altcode: 2005BAAS...37..629G Kepler's successful prediction of the 1631 transit of Mercury spurred an interest in his decidedly user-unfriendly Rudolfine Tables. Because his Ephemerides went only to 1636, he did not draw attention to the 1639 transit of Venus, although the tables actually predicted the phenomenon, and the observation by Horrocks again proved the superiority of Kepler's work. By mid-century alternative user-friendly versions of the Rudolfine Tables were published by V. Renieri in Italy, J.B. Morin in France, Maria Cunitia in Germany, and (in a more modified form) by J. Shakerley in England. Transits of Mercury were observed in 1651 (by Shakerley in Surat, India), 1661, 1667, 1690, and 1697, giving astronomers opportunities to compare the predictions from these tables as well as those of Lansbergen (which were a variant of the Copernican Prutenic Tables).

Because of the subsequent interest in transits for determining the length of the astronomical unit, the 18th-century French astronomer J-N. Delisle compiled for these early transits extensive systematic records, which are now preserved at the Paris Observatory. By his day, however, the as-yet-unpublished tables of Edmond Halley gave the most successful predictions, and Delisle showed little interest in further credentialing the Rudolfine Tables, a process that had already taken place in the previous century. Title: Nicolaus Copernicus - Making the Earth a Planet Authors: Gingerich, Owen; MacLachlan, James Bibcode: 2005ncme.book.....G Altcode: Born in Poland in 1473, Nicolaus Copernicus launched a quiet revolution. No scientist so radically transformed our understanding of our place in the universe as this curious bishop's doctor and church official. In his quest to discover a beautiful and coherent system to describe the motions of the planets, Copernicus placed the sun in the center of the system and made the earth a planet traveling around the sun. Today it is hard to imagine our solar system any other way, but for his time Copernicus's idea was earthshaking. In 1616 the church banned his book Revolutions because it contradicted the accepted notion that God placed Earth in the center of the universe. Even though those who knew of his work considered his idea dangerous, Revolutions remained of interest only to other scientists for many years. It took almost two hundred years for his concept of a sun-centered system to reach the general public. None the less, what Copernicus set out in his remarkable text truly revolutionized science. For this, Copernicus, a quiet doctor who made a tremendous leap of imagination, is considered the father of the Scientific Revolution. Title: Note: Was Horrocks a Curate? A Tangled Bibliographical Ramble Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2005JHA....36..231G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: the Transit of Venus: the Brief, Brilliant Life of Jeremiah Horrocks, Father of British Astronomy / Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004 Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2005JHA....36..233G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Researching "The Book Nobody Read": The "De revolutionibus" of Nicolaus Copernicus Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2005PBSA...99..484G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: A Second Book from Kepler's Library Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2005mkfv.book..101G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: I Bernard Cohen Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2005PAPhS.149..395G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Foreword Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2005njs..book...13G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: In Praise of Contingency: Chance versus Inevitability in the Universe We Know. Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2005spin.book...59G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: ASTRONOMICAL INSTRUMENTS IN THE RAMPUR RAZA LIBRARY / Rampur Raza Library, 2003 Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2005JHA....36..120G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Foreword Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2005coco.bookD...9G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: History of Astronomy Then and Now Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 2004AAS...205.0106G Altcode: 2004BAAS...36.1339G; 2004AAS...205..106G As one of the three founders of the Historical Astronomy Division, I shall reflect on the progress of the history of astronomy over the past three decades. This includes the success of the Journal for the History of Astronomy and the proliferation of other venues for the history of our discipline, the usefulness of Steve McCluskey's HASTRO e-mail list, and the many reference works now available or forthcoming. The status of archaeoastronomy and the ill-fated General History of Astronomy will be mentioned.

Today history of astronomy is recognized as a serious endeavor on the part of younger scholars, and is longer dismissed as an activity best carried out by retired astronomers long past their prime! Title: Book review: Catalogue of orbs, spheres and globes / Giunti for Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza, Florence, 188 + 16 pp. of colour plates, 2004, ISBN 88-09-03589-5. Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2004JHA....35..489G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Jerzy Dobrzycki (1927 - 2004) Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2004JHA....35..371G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: A radical reorientation Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2004Natur.430..407G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Cytherean Rhythms Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2004S&T...107f..78G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Hokuloa : the British 1874 Transit of Venus Expedition to Hawaii / Bishop Museum Press, 2004 Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2004S&T...107f.108G Altcode: 2004S&T...107f.108C No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Galileo in Rome Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2004Ast.....2...92G Altcode: 2004Astro...2...92G No abstract at ADS Title: The Transit of Venus, by William Sheehan and John Westfall Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2004S&T...107Q.108G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: The transits of Venus / Prometheus Books, 2004 Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2004S&T...107R.108G Altcode: 2004S&T...107f.108S No abstract at ADS Title: Truth in Science: Proof, Persuasion, and the Galileo Affair Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2004SCB....16...13G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Dare a Scientist Believe in Design? Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2004Omega...3...48G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: The Calvinist Copernicans Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2004BJHS...37..471G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The book nobody read : chasing the revolutions of Nicolaus Copernicus Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2004bnr..book.....G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Spanning Longitude Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2004mtm..book.....G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: A celebration of the life and science of Fred Lawrence Whipple Authors: Gingerich, Owen; Lundquist, Charles A.; Marvin, Ursula B.; Veverka, Joseph; Sekanina, Zdenek; Marsden, Brian G. Bibcode: 2004clsf.book.....G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: On the Copernican Trail (Interview) Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2004sad..book...76G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Kepler's Philosophy and the New Astronomy Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2004AnSci..61..133G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: From "Occhiale" to printed page: the making of Galileo's "Sidereus nuncius" Authors: Gingerich, Owen; van Helden, Albert Bibcode: 2003JHA....34..251G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Nel segno di Galileo- erudizione, filosofia e scienza a Firenze nel seculo XVII. I trattati accademici di Vincenzio Capponi (In the signshadow of Galaleo - scholarship, pholosophy and science in Florence in the XVII century) / Studio per Edizioni Scelte, Florence, x + 346 pp., 1993. Authors: Gingerich, Owen; Massarotti, Alessandro Bibcode: 2003JHA....34R.334G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Globes at Greenwich / Oxford University Press, 1999 Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2003JHA....34..339G Altcode: 2003JHA....34..339D No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Nel Segno di Galileo =In the signshadow of Galileo / Studio per edizioni scelte, 1993 Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2003JHA....34..334G Altcode: 2003JHA....34..334C No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Nel segno di Galileo- erudizione, filosofia e scienza a Firenze nel seculo XVII. I trattati accademici di Vincenzio Capponi (In the signshadow of Galaleo - scholarship, pholosophy and science in Florence in the XVII century) / Studio per Edizioni Scelte, Florence, x + 346 pp., 1993. Authors: Gingerich, Owen; Massarotti, Alessandro Bibcode: 2003JHA....34Q.334G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Isaac Newton Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2003NYTBR.108...22G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Euclid's Phaenomena: a translation and study of a Hellenistic treatise in sphaerical astronomy / Garland Publishing, New York, xii + 132 pp., 1996, ISBN 0-8153-0493-5. Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2003JHA....34..240G Altcode: 2003JHA....34..240B No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: From China to Paris: 2000 years transmission of mathematical ideas / Yvonne Dold-Samplonius, Joseph W. Dauben, Menso Folkerts, Benno van Dalen (eds.), Boethius, Band 46, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart, x + 470 pp., 2002, ISBN 3-515-08233-9. Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2003JHA....34..247G Altcode: 2003JHA....34..247D No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Zwischen Copernicus und Kepler: M. Michael Maestlinus mathematicus Goeppingensis 1550 - 1631 / Gerhard Betsch, Jürgen Hamel (eds.), Acta Historica Astronomiae, xvii, Verlag Harri Deutsch, Frankfurt am Main, 247 pp., 2002, ISBN 3-8171-1688-8. Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2003JHA....34..246G Altcode: 2003JHA....34..246B No abstract at ADS Title: Looking up to the stars Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2003Natur.421..694G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Colluding with Galileo: on Mueller's critique of my analysis of Galileo's sunspots argument. With a comment on "The Galileo sunspot controversy: proof and persuasion" by Owen Gingerich Authors: Topper, David; Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2003JHA....34...75T Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: New observations of heavenly and earthly objects / Translated from the Latin and annotated by Peter Fay and Sally Beaumont, Peter Fay, Sonning Common, Reading, UK, vi + 130 pp., 2001. Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2003JHA....34..115G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Hartmann's practika: a manual for making sundials and astrolabes with compass and rule (written from 1518 to 1528 by Georg Hartmann) / Translated and edited by John Lamprey, Bellvue, CO, 312 pp., 2002, ISBN 1-931947-00-7. Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2003JHA....34..117G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: THE MEASURE OF ALL THINGS / The Free Press, 2002 Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2003JHA....34..464G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Truth in Science: Proof, Persuasion, and the Galileo Affair Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2003PSCF...55...80G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: God's Two Books Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2003EScM....8...66G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Astrology: A History Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2003Isis...94..347G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: "God's Goof," and the Universe That Knew We Were Coming Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2003scre.book...51G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: The Neptune File Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2003IJCT...10..487G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Mapping Mars: Science, Imagination, and the Birth of a World Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2003AmSch..72..148G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The forgotten star atlas : John Bevis's Uranographia Britannica. Authors: Kilburn, K. J.; Pasachoff, J. M.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 2003JHA....34..125K Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Planetary systems from the ancient Greeks to Kepler / Seattle: University of Washington Press, XVI+256 pp., 1999 Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2002Isis...93..682G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: The star of Bethlehem: the legacy of the Magi / Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick and London, xvi + 187 pp., 1999. Authors: Gingerich, Owen; Hoskin, Michael; Hughes, David W.; Birdsall, J. Neville Bibcode: 2002JHA....33..386G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Episodes from the early history of astronomy / Springer-Verlag New York, xvi + 172 pp., 2001. Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2002JHA....33..301G Altcode: 2002JHA....33..301A No abstract at ADS Title: Kepler's Singular Harmony Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2002PhT....55h..76G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: A right royal feud Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2002Natur.418..128G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Donald H. Menzel, scientist, educator, builder, 11 April 1901 - 14 December 1976 Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2002JHA....33...93G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The trouble with Ptolemy Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2002Isis...93...70G Altcode: Ptolemy's Almagest, a brilliant treatise on theoretical astronomy combined with a practical handbook for computation, includes many compromises to reconcile discordant observations. This defense of Ptolemy examines in some detail a critical case concerning the model for Venus, which has sometimes been used as evidence for Ptolemy's perfidy. There the Alexandrian astronomer demonstrated his ingenuity when orbital constraints made it impossible to obtain directly the observed configurations he might have preferred. Title: Book Review: Against the donning of the gown; enigma / Moon-Books, London 92 pp., 2000. Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2002JHA....33Q..77G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo / Casa Editrice Leo S. Olschki, Florence, 8 + 458 + 32 pp. + accompanying booklet (32 pp.), 1999. Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2002JHA....33R..77G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Elizabethan instrument makers: the origins of the London trade in precision instrument making / Oxford University Press, Oxford, xiv + 305 pp., 2000. Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2002JHA....33...81G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: What Would It Have Taken for Galileo's Foes to Accept Heliocentrism? Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2002ChrHi..21...14G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Kepler Then and Now Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2002PeSci..10..227G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: An annotated census of Copernicus' De revolutionibus (Nuremberg, 1543 and Basel, 1566) Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 2002accd.book.....G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Human Eschatology versus Cosmic Eschatology Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2002ffu..book..225G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The Copernican Revolution [Reprint] Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2002srhi.book...95G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: The Correspondence of John Flamsteed, First Astronomer Royal, volume 3. Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2002Natur.418Q.128G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Recent notes on Tycho Brahe's library Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2002AcHA...16..323G Altcode: Wilhelm Norlind lists 216 books presumed to have been in Tycho's library, but the actual count must have been much higher. The largest block of surviving books are in the Clementinum in Prague, just over 50 volumes but nearly 100 titles. Tycho tried to acquire books in many ways, and particularly by buying the library of Paul Wittich after the death of this one-time visitor to Hven. This talk will also describe two annotated volumes from Tycho's library that have recently come onto the antiquarian market: Apianus' Astronomicum Caesareum (Ingolstadt, 1540) and Cornelius Gemma's De naturae divinis characterismis (Antwerp, 1575). Title: Dare a Scientist Believe in Design? Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2002strc.book..225G Altcode: Revised version of an essay originally published in 1994. Title: Did the Reformers Reject Copernicus? Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2002ChrHi..21...22G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Is the Cosmos All There Is? Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2002refl.book....2G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Tycho Brahe: Observational Cosmologist Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2002AcHA...16...21G Altcode: The most astonishing aspect of Tycho Brahe's legacy is the sheer bulk of observations that he acquired. These completely overwhelmed the sparse existing measurements of planetary and stellar positions, and, in Kepler's hands, made possible a major reform of astronomy. The second remarkable aspect is the precision of the observations, which came about largely because Tycho Brahe was an astronomer with a plan. Tycho did not simply collect observations for the sake of making measurements, but to solve specific astronomical or cosmological problems. For this reason he can truly be called an observational cosmologist. This keynote lecture will address some of the problems Tycho attacked, and will show how his program of building instruments was guided by his visionary research agenda. Title: Book Review: The Bible, protestantism, and the rise of natural science / Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, xii + 313 pp., 1998 Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2001JHA....32..369G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Giovanni Antonio Magini's "Keplerian" tables of 1614 and their implications for the reception of Keplerian astronomy in the seventeenth century Authors: Voelkel, James R.; Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2001JHA....32..237V Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: The magic furnace: the search for the origins of atoms / Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1999, New York, 2001, viii + 232 pp. Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2001JHA....32..181G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: The melon-shaped astrolabe in Arabic astronomy / Kennedy, E. S.; Kunitzsch, P.; Lorch, R. P. (eds.), Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart, viii + 235 pp., 1999 Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2001JHA....32..173G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Donald H. Menzel: Scientist, Educator Builder Authors: Pasachoff, J. M.; Gingerich, O.; Layzer, D.; Noyes, R. W.; Parkinson, W. H.; Welther, B. Bibcode: 2001AGUSM..SH41B26P Altcode: A centennial symposium in honor of Donald H. Menzel was held at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics on May 11, 2001. Menzel was known especially for his studies of the solar chromosphere, for his theoretical work on gaseous nebulae, and for his role in founding the Sacramento Peak and High Altitude observatories and in bringing the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory to Cambridge. Menzel received his Ph.D. at Princeton, where he was fascinated and excited by the lectures of Henry Norris Russell about the new theoretical astrophysics. At Lick Observatory, Menzel investigated the solar chromosphere using solar eclipse spectra, and published the results in a major volume in 1931. The value for the mean molecular weight he deduced for the lower chromosphere helped persuade Russell and others that hydrogen was the major constituent of the solar atmosphere, as Cecilia Payne had intimated earlier. Menzel's studies of solar eclipse spectra also led him to propose, in a paper written with R. T. Birge, that hydrogen had an isotope of mass 2, a suggestion that motivated Harold Urey to isolate the isotope (deuterium) chemically. Menzel joined the Harvard faculty in 1932. His interest in investigating the sun led him to observe more than a dozen solar eclipses, to exploit the coronagraph, and to found two solar observatories: at Climax, Colorado, and at Sunspot, New Mexico. He served as Director of the Harvard College Observatory from 1952 to 1966. During this time he suggested bringing and arranged to bring the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory to Harvard. Speakers at the symposium on Menzel's life, times, and scientific legacy included Donald Osterbrock, David DeVorkin, David Layzer, Jay Pasachoff, Barbara Welther, Thomas Bogdan, Jack Zirker, and France Cordova. The organizing committee was Owen Gingerich, David Layzer, Robert Noyes, William Parkinson, Jay Pasachoff, and Barbara Welther. Title: Book Review: The Port Orford, Oregon, meteorite mystery / Clarke Jr., Roy S. (ed.), Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences, No. 31; Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, 43 pp., 1993 Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2001JHA....32R..87G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: The mapping of the heavens / The British Library, London, x + 134 pp., 1995 Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2001JHA....32Q..86G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: The Tucson meteorites: their history from frontier Arizona to the Smithsonian / (originally published by Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1987); University of Arizona Press, 47 pp., 1997 Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2001JHA....32Q..87G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: The Kalendarium of John Somer / Mooney, Linne R. (ed.) University of Georgia Press, Athens, Georgia, xii + 224 pp., 1998 Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2001JHA....32...84G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Landmarks in Western Science: from Prehistory to the Atomic Age / The British Library, London; Routledge, New York, 256 pp., 1999 Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2001JHA....32R..86G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: The universe unveiled: instruments and images through history / Adler Planetarium and History Museum, Chicago; Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 152 pp., 2000 Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2001JHA....32S..86G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Anno Domini: the origins of the Christian era / Brepols Turnhout, Belgium, 206 pp., 2000 Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2001JHA....32...81G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Star Struck: A Historical Perspective Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2001ssot.book....7G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The Most Brilliant Ph.D. Thesis Ever Written in Astronomy Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2001stun.conf....3G Altcode: 2001LDP....25....3G No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: The Sun in the Church Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2001ScChB..13...88G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: The Sun in the Church Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2001AnSci..58..325G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The Best of Times, the Worst of Times Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2001GoCBu..86....7G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Seeing and Believing Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2001Endvr..25...89G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: The Labyrinth Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2001Endvr..25...45G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Astronomical Papyri from Oxyrhyncus Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2001MatRv..10.1009G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Scientific Cosmology Meets Western Theology Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2001NYASA.950...28G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Henry Norris Russell Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2000NYTBR.......39G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Plotting the pyramids Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2000Natur.408..297G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Nicolaus Copernicus Authors: Gingerich, O.; Hoskin, M. Bibcode: 2000eaa..bookE1921G Altcode: Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) was a Polish astronomer whose De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (1543) was the final achievement under the agenda of the ancient Greek astronomers and—by its claim that the Earth orbits the Sun—provided a major contribution to the later development of a dynamics of inertial motion.... Title: Book Review: June 8, 2004: Venus in Transit Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2000TLS..5080...29G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Wacky Star of the Renaissance: Book Review of Cardano's Cosmos : the Worlds and Works of a Renaissance Astrologer, Harvard U Press, 2000 Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 2000Natur.404..928G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Why Make Fakes? Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2000sioi.book...62G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Tycho and the ton of gold Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2000Natur.403..251G Altcode: Why a brilliantly conceived research programme failed. Title: Book Review: The Ambonese Curiosity Cabinet, by G. E. Rumphius, translated with commentary Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2000AmCon..20...30G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Astronomy in Prehistoric Britain and Ireland Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2000THES...14Q..23G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Let There Be Light: Modern Cosmogeny and Biblical Creation Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2000npc..book..253G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: The unmaking of the medieval Christian cosmos, 1500-1760 : from solid heavens to boundless aether / Ashgate, 1999 Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2000PhT....53f..58G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: The Norton History of Astronomy and Cosmology Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2000MatRv..05.1005G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: La condamnation des livres coperniciens et sa revocation Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2000JTS....51..380G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Kapteyn, Shapley, and their universes Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2000ASSL..246..191G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Is There Design and Purpose in the Universe? Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 2000srsc.conf..121G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Kepler's Tubingen Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2000Isis...91..587G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Rash of Thefts of Copernicus' Scientific Treatise Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2000IFARJ...3...9G. Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Great Stone Circles Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2000THES...14R..23G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: World Maps for Finding the Direction and Distance to Mecca Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2000HisSc..38..245G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Do the Heavens Declare? Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2000boco.book..522G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Ingredients for Life Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2000gtfc.book...18G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The Copernican Revolution Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2000ehsr.book..334G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Kepler Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2000rghs.book..396G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The Science of Eternity Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2000RNOST...1....3G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Copernicus and the Aesthetic Impulse Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 2000APSNe...9....8G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Seth Atwood's vision. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1999mtm..book...13G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The Copernican Revolution Revisited Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1999AAS...19512302G Altcode: 1999BAAS...31.1553G The rapid pace of modern astronomy seems driven by technological advances: larger telescopes, new detectors, a wider spectral range, more powerful computers. In contrast, the revolution in astronomy initiated by Nicolaus Copernicus' De revolutionibus seems slow and unrelated to any new observations; it was an idea ``pleasing to the mind." On aesthetic grounds but without empirical proof Copernicus argued for 1) the perfection of the circle, and 2) the elegance of the heliocentric plan. This prize lecture will argue that in fact the slow acceptance of Copernicus' radical heliocentric cosmology resulted primarily because Copernicus was far in advance of the technological developments needed to test his hypotheses. Tycho Brahe's precision instruments (and his failed campaign to find the parallax of Mars) produced the observational base for Kepler's physical astronomy, while in Galileo's hands the telescope provided evidence from the phases of Venus that disproved the Ptolemaic arrangement. Once the new instrumentation opened the way for observational tests, Copernicus' insistence on the uniform, circular motion fell by the wayside, but his other grand aesthetic vision, the heliocentric cosmology, found relatively rapid adoption. The lecture will include vignettes from our three-decades-long search for annotated copies of Copernicus' book, leading to the census of 270 copies of the first edition (Nuremberg, 1543) and nearly 320 copies of the second edition (Basel, 1566). Title: Shapley's Model of the Universe Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1999ApJ...525C.135G Altcode: 1999ApJC..525..135G No abstract at ADS Title: Report on the Progress in Stellar Evolution to 1950 Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1999Ap&SS.267....3G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Surfing the history of space Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1999Natur.400..730G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Medieval Latin astronomy Authors: Hoskin, Micael; Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1999ccha.book...68H Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Astronomy's widening horizons Authors: Hoskin, Michael; Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1999ccha.book..306H Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Islamic astronomy Authors: Hoskin, Michael; Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1999ccha.book...50H Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: A Brief History of Our View of the Universe Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1999PASP..111..254G Altcode: Today's cosmological edifice is essentially the product of the 20th century. This account, presented in the Baird Auditorium of the National Museum of Natural History, begins with the Shapley-Curtis debate of 1920, then describes some of its historical background (including why cosmology was almost stillborn with the work of Newton), and finally examines why in 1937 Hubble erred by an order of magnitude in establishing the Hubble constant. Title: Benjamin Apthorp Gould and the Founding of the Astronomical Journal Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1999AJ....117....1G Altcode: On the sesquicentennial of the Astronomical Journal, we commemorate the life of its founder, Benjamin Apthorp Gould (1824-1896), and examine the precarious and heroic early days of this pioneering serial. The first six volumes appeared between 1849 November 2 and 1861 February, and after a hiatus of 25 years, Gould resumed the publication on 1886 November 2. Title: Why is the day 24 hours, and When will the millennium begin? Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1999PlR....19d...4G Altcode: 1999PlR....19....4G No abstract at ADS Title: Shapley, Harlow Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1999ANBio..19....4G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Adventures of a Copernican sleuth. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1999ABBW..104..559G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The Copernican quinquecentennial and its predecessors. Historical insights and national agendas Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1999Osir...14...37G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Introduction to Nicolaus Copernicus Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1999droc.book.....G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: On Legado de Leonardo da Vinci a Ciencia Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1999lvhe.book...59G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Starry, starry night Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1999Natur.397...33G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The future of homo sapiens. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1999ChC...116.1159G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The sun as a star. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1999lsf..book...18G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The return of the seagoing cowboy. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1999AmSch..68...71G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Sacrobosco illustrated. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1999bdi..book..211G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Benjamin Apthorp Gould and the Founding of The Astronomical Journal Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1998AAS...192.2803G Altcode: 1998BAAS...30..852G The origin and vicissitudes of The Astronomical Journal are inextricably bound up with the extraordinary career of Benjamin Apthorp Gould (1824-1896), the first American to obtain a PhD in astronomy (at Gottingen). Returning to Cambridge in 1848, Gould joined an informal group known as the Lazzaroni, who were determined to bring professional standards to American science. Gould devoted much of his life to professionalizing American astronomy, and his founding of the AJ was part of this strategy. Beginning on 2 November 1849, Gould's AJ was issued at irregular intervals, seldom shorter than two weeks and occasionally much longer, such as the two-month gap in 1851 when Gould had gone to the solar eclipse in Europe. About 20% of the space was devoted to asteroids, then the hot topic in astronomy. The 11th issue announced the discovery of the 11th asteroid; by March of 1853, 23 asteroids were known, and Gould editorialized about the "threatened consumption of astronomical energies." In 1856 the trustees of the newly-founded Dudley Observatory agreed to support the financially struggling AJ, and volume 5 (1856-58) bore the Albany dateline though printing continued in Cambridge. Gould's ill-fated directorship of the Dudley Observatory lasted only a year in Albany itself, and volume 6 was again edited in Cambridge. The Civil War then brought a 25-year hiatus to Gould's journal. In 1870 Gould went to Argentina, where he founded the Argentine National Observatory in Cordoba; he returned to Cambridge in 1885, and very shortly thereafter resumed publication of the AJ (in November, 1886). He continued his editorship for a decade, producing volumes 7-16; his last issue, vol. 17, no. 4, is dated just two weeks before his death. As his successor, Seth Chandler wrote, "Of all the great enterprises of his life, this is the one which he has most cherished." Title: Bright light comes around again Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1998Natur.392..669G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Tycho Brahe's Copernican campaign. Authors: Gingerich, O.; Voelkel, J. R. Bibcode: 1998JHA....29....1G Altcode: In 1584 Tycho Brahe wrote to Heinrich Brucaeus, his former teacher in Rostock, that his attempt to find whether Mars approaches closer to the Earth than the Sun (as predicted by Copernicus) had yielded a negative result, and that the Copernican hypothesis must therefore be rejected. Five years later he reversed himself, writing to Thaddeus Hagecius that in 1582 by most subtle measurements he had in fact found a sufficiently large diurnal parallax to convince himself that that Copernican model, or (more important) his own geo-heliocentric system, could be justified. In hindsight we know that the Martian parallax was in fact too small to be detected even by Tycho's remarkable instruments. What was going on in the letter to Hagecius? Was Tycho deliberately prevaricating or merely deluding himself in his eagerness to find support for his new cosmology? Title: The universe as theatre for God's actions Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1998ThT....55..305G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: On understanding science from a perspective of faith. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1998spev.book...41G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Preface Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1998ptal.book.....G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The Journey into Darkness Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1998PVRv...26...11G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: In retrospect chosen by Owen Gingerich Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1998Natur.391..140G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: TYCHO Brahe's Copernican Campaign Authors: Gingerich, O.; Voelkel, J. R. Bibcode: 1997AAS...191.0103G Altcode: 1997BAAS...29.1205G Historians of astronomy have generally assumed that the Ptolemaic and Copernican systems give equivalent predictions of planetary positions, but Tycho Brahe knew that in the Ptolemaic arrangement Mars' distance was always greater than the sun's, whereas in the Copernican system Mars at opposition approached to half the sun's distance. Because Tycho accepted the traditional solar distance scale, 20 times too small, he expected to measure a Martian diurnal parallax of 4.5' at opposition if the Copernican system was true. (In reality the horizontal parallax was too small to measure by naked-eye observations.) Hence, during the golden decade of the 1580s at Hven, Tycho undertook a major campaign to find Mars' parallax. Observations at the opposition of 1582-83 failed, according to a letter he wrote in 1584. The campaign at the next opposition led to frustration, but after the 1587 opposition he claimed that in fact he had already found the parallax in 1582. Was Tycho merely prevaricating because he wanted to have an observational basis for his new Tychonic cosmology? During this decade Tycho gradually became aware of the role of refraction, and much of the new instrumentation built at Stjerneborg seems to have been motivated by this problem. Using an erroneously chosen refraction table Tycho apparently convinced himself of a large parallax for Mars. He may well have discovered his error by 1592, for he never again claimed to have found the large parallax. Because of the failure of this major goal, Tycho's reputation as a very smart and program-motivated observer has suffered, but because of this particular observational campaign, there were ultimately enough astonishingly accurate Mars observations for Kepler's later studies to succeed in finding the law of areas and the elliptical form of planetary orbits. Title: Politics of eighteenth-century science Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1997Natur.387..769G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Richard S. Westfall. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1997JHA....28..184G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The world's greates rare astronomy libraries. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1997ABBW..100.1022G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Astronomy's Widening Horizons Authors: Hoskin, Michael; Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1997ciha.book..344H Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: A Unique Copy of Flamsteed's HISTORIA Coelestis (1712) Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1997flst.conf..189G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: In Praise of Fakes. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1997SciAm.277e.120G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Astronomical Tables and Ephemerides. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1997hoae.book..505G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Leonardo's Legacy in Science. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1997ldvc.book...23G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Islamic Astronomy Authors: Hoskin, Michael; Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1997ciha.book...50H Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: An Astronomical Perspective. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1997hlig.book...20G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Medieval Latin Astronomy Authors: Hoskin, Michael; Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1997ciha.book...68H Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: On Finding God. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1997hcfg.book..146G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: An Analysis of Kepler's Rudolphine Tables and Implications for the Reception of His Physical Astronomy Authors: Athreya, A.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1996AAS...189.2404A Altcode: 1996BAAS...28.1305A The paper discusses the historical background to Johann Kepler's 1609 magnum opus, the Astronomia Nova, in which the astronomer introduces his first two laws of planetary motion; and his 1627 Rudolphine Tables, wherein he presents a system for computing ephemerides based on the new Keplerian physical astronomy. Since the predictions of the latter work buttress the veracity of the former, a comparison of the tabular prophecies with recorded observations of Kepler's successors allows us to investigate the seventeenth-century reception of his ideas. The paper analyzes the Rudolphine Tables' algorithm for the computation of planetary positions and then applies the method to the determination of the position of Mercury on 7 November 1631 and the position of Venus on 24 November 1639, when Pierre Gassendi and Jeremiah Horrox, respectively, witnessed the solar transits of these planets. The paper then contrasts the computed results with Gassendi's and Horrox's observations and with the planetary positions deduced by a modern routine, and describes how the success of Kepler's predictions provided a powerful impetus for the adoption of Keplerian ellipses and the law of areas. Title: The Scale of the Universe: A Curtain-Raiser in Four ACTS and Four Morals Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1996PASP..108.1068G Altcode: This concise and highly selective introduction to the distance-scale debate, from antiquity to Hubble's paper of 1924 on the distance to M31, provides some key quotations and references. The first section describes the early Greek determinations of the distances of the sun and moon. The second part discusses the distances to the stars, from Copernicus to Huygens. Section 3 skips to the early twentieth-century ideas on the scale of the Milky Way, especially the work of Shapley. The final section describes how Hubble's discovery of distances to galaxies was first announced. (SECTION: A Debate on The Scale of the Universe) Title: Library as Laboratory. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1996HLB.....6...57G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Cranks and Opportunists: 'Nutty' Solutions to the Longitude Problem. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1996long.symp..134G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The discovery of multiple annotated copies of De revolutionibus Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1996cqc..book...29G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Neptune, Velikovsky, and the name of the game. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1996SciAm.275c.181G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: More than machines. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1996fgh..book..267G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Ancient light Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1995Natur.377..114G Altcode: 1995Natur.377..114W No abstract at ADS Title: The background and current status of the general history of Astronomy Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1995HiA....10..130G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Report on the Progress in Stellar Evolution to 1950 Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1995IAUS..164....3G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: American Foreign Policy, China and the IAU: Leo Goldberg's Memoirs Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1995HiA....10..121G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: A survey of Apian's Astronomicum Caesareum. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1995akmb.conf..113G Altcode: The Astronomicum Caesareum, from the private press of Petrus Apianus in Ingolstadt, is one of the greatest masterpieces of sixteenth-century printing. Designed for Charles V and his brother Ferdinand, the volume was in every way a luxurious and princely production. In this large folio volume the paper instrument found its supreme realization in a series of intricate volvelles, with five or even six layers of movable paper disks. Published in 1540, the book graphically displayed Ptolemaic astronomy in a fashion fit for a monarch's eyes. The author's survey has shown that perfectly preserved copies, having not only all the moving parts but also all the threads and the dozen small sliding pearls, are rather rare. Title: Astronomy and World Politics. (Book Reviews: History of the IAU. The Birth and First Half-Century of the International Astronomical Union.) Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1994Sci...266.2027G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The Use of History in Astronomy Education Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1994AAS...185.3701G Altcode: 1994BAAS...26.1367G Three persuasive reasons for using historical materials in astronomy education are: The simplest concepts are introduced first in natural sequence. For non--science students, history can bridge to other interests. The historical perspective shows the changing and iterative nature of scientific explanatory structures. To illustrate these points, this invited review paper will present a series of specific examples from my core science course, ``The Astronomical Perspective,'' believed to be Harvard's longest--running course still under the same management. \ (Contrary to some students' beliefs, it does not date back to the time of Ptolemy.) An earlier version of this presentation is described in J.M. Pasachoff and J.R. Percy (eds.), The Teaching of Astronomy: \ Proceedings of the 105(th) Colloquium of the International Astronomical Union. (Cambridge, 1990), pp. 39--44. Title: Astronomy and World Politics. (Book Reviews: History of the IAU. The Birth and First Half-Century of the International Astronomical Union.) Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1994Sci...266.2027B Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The summer of 1953: a watershed for astrophysics. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1994PhT....47l..34G Altcode: 1994PhT....47C..34G In 1953, the Michigan Symposium on Astrophysics proved instrumental in shaping our understanding of stellar evolution and in shaping the future careers of many of the participants. The author, himself a participant, gathers his colleagues' reminiscences. Title: Book Review: Focus Behaim Globus, ed. by Gerhard Bott Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1994JHA....25..327G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Obituary: H. Harold Hartzler, 1908-1993 Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1994BAAS...26.1604G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: A mind in motion Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1994Natur.369..195G Altcode: 1994Natur.369..195S No abstract at ADS Title: Commentary on the Mt. Wilson papers. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1994ehci.conf..129G Altcode: The author gives some immediate and specific responses to the four papers on the early years of Mt. Wilson (see 004.056 - 004.059). Title: The Master of the 1550 Radices: Jofrancus Offisius Authors: Gingerich, Owen; Dobrzycki, Jerzy Bibcode: 1993JHA....24..235G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The master of the 1550 radices: Jofrancus Offusius. Authors: Gingerich, O.; Dobrzycki, J. Bibcode: 1993JHA....24..245G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: 450 Revolutions Later: ``De revolutionibus" in Retrospect Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1993AAS...182.7901G Altcode: 1993BAAS...25..930G We do not know precisely when or why Nicholas Copernicus adopted a heliocentric system. Before 1514, he wrote a brief prospectus for his radical rearrangement of the planets (the so-called Commentariolus), but he realized that to compete with Ptolemy's Almagest, he had to prepare a major treatise that included key observations distributed over each planet's orbit. Copernicus remained hard at work on this task in his late 60s. His still partly unfinished magnum opus would not have been printed in his lifetime except for the arrival of a young disciple from Wittenberg, Georg Joachim Rheticus, who eventually took a copy of the manuscript to Nuremberg for publication. The printing of approximately 400 copies of the book was completed in April of 1543, and the final sheets (actually the front matter, which was struck off last) reached Copernicus only on the day he died, 24 May 1543. Copernicus had found a ``theory pleasing to the mind," but he had no observational evidence to prove the sun-centered layout. As for his contemporaries, the entire weight of tradition reinforced the notion that astronomers dealt with geometry and hypotheses, not physics or physical reality. Hence, in the sixteenth century, heliocentrism was viewed almost universally as a curious hypothesis, not as a viable cosmology. The annotations that early owners made in the margins of their copies of De revolutionibus substantiate this view. Yet, despite the fact that the earth's motion seemed contrary to the evidence of the senses, a brilliant cosmological vision had seized Copernicus' imagination, one that would eventually capture Kepler's as well. When Galileo saw that a moving Jupiter did not lose its satellites, he, too, became an enthusiastic heliocentrist. De revolutionibus rapidly became an icon, rather than a handbook for the new astronomy; even today, at a price of over \$100,000 for a first edition, it remains a symbol of the revolution in our world view. Title: How Galileo Changed the Rules of Science Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1993S&T....85...32G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The eye of the heaven. Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1993MMPhy...7.....G Altcode: This book is a collection of 25 essays, focusing on the transformation of astronomy from Ptolemy's geocentrism to Kepler's remolding of Copernican cosmology. It uncovers the subtle and surprising ways in which raw data, interpretation, and creativity propel science. Title: The Nineteenth-Century Birth of Astrophysics Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1993ASSL..183...47G Altcode: 1993pssc.symp...47G No abstract at ADS Title: The Eye of Heaven. Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1993ehpc.book.....G Altcode: 1993QB15.G563...... No abstract at ADS Title: The Harvard-Smithsonian reference atmosphere Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1993hsra.book.....G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - the Great Copernicus Chase and Other Adventures in Astronomical History Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1992Sci...258Q1824G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Astronomy in the age of Columbus. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1992SciAm.267e..66G Altcode: 1992SciAm.267...66G Columbus's discovery that a vast, unknown landmass lay between Europe and Asia vividly demonstrated that ancient knowledge of the world was woefully incomplete. The geographic revolution that followed paved the way for unorthodox astronomical ideas, including the sun-centered cosmology of Copernicus. Title: Astronomy in the Age of Columbus Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1992SciAm.267e.100G Altcode: 1992SciAm.267..100G No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Saros cycle dates and related Babylonian astronomical texts / Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, lxxxi, Pt. 6, 1991 Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1992JHA....23..229G Altcode: 1992JHA....23..229B; 1992JHA....23..229A No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: The Edwin Hubble papers / Pachart, 1990 Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1992JHA....23..223G Altcode: 1992JHA....23..223H No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Space Time and Man - a Prehistorian's View Authors: Clark, G.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1992Natur.358..381C Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Two early instruments at the Adler Planetarium Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1992BAAS...24.1068G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Nature Experiment and the Sciences Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1992JHA....23..149G Altcode: 1992JHA....23..149L No abstract at ADS Title: Enough with Epicycles Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1992S&T....83..485G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Regiomontanus: his life and work / North-Holland, 1991 Authors: Brown, E.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1992S&T....83..407B Altcode: 1992S&T....83..407Z No abstract at ADS Title: When Do Anomalies Begin? Authors: Lightman, Alan; Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1992Sci...255..690L Altcode: An anomaly in science is an observed fact that is difficult to explain in terms of the existing conceptual framework. Anomalies often point to the inadequacy of the current theory and herald a new one. It is argued here that certain scientific anomalies are recognized as anomalies only after they are given compelling explanations within a new conceptual framework. Before this recognition, the peculiar facts are taken as givens or are ignored in the old framework. Such a "retrorecognition" phenomenon reveals not only a significant feature of the process of scientific discovery but also an important aspect of human psychology. Title: The great Copernicus chase and other adventures in astronomical history Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1992gcco.book.....G Altcode: 1992QB15.G56....... No abstract at ADS Title: Eloge: Victor E. Thoren, 13 May 1935 - 9 March 1991. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1991Isis...82..693G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Not Unique in America / Flamsteed's Historiae-Coelestis Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1991S&T....82..491G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Standing on the shoulders of giants / U California Press, 1990 Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1991S&T....82..377G Altcode: 1991S&T....82..377T No abstract at ADS Title: MicroObservatory: A Progress Report Authors: Brecher, K.; Sadler, P.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1991BAAS...23.1403B Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Astronomical Formulae for Calculators - ED.3 Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1991JHA....22R.241G Altcode: 1991JHA....22R.241M; 1991JHA....22Q.241M No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Practical astronomy with your calculator (3rd ed) / Cambridge U Press, 1989 Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1991JHA....22Q.241G Altcode: 1991JHA....22Q.241D; 1991JHA....22R.241D; 1991JHA....22S.241D No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Mathematical Astronomy with a Pocket Calculator Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1991JHA....22S.241G Altcode: 1991JHA....22..241J No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Practical ephemeris calculation / Springer-Verlag, 1989 Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1991JHA....22T.241G Altcode: 1991JHA....22S.241M No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Instrument Buch / Reprint-verlag Leipzig, 1990 Authors: Gingerich, O.; Hamel, J. Bibcode: 1991JHA....22..244G Altcode: 1991JHA....22..241A No abstract at ADS Title: The Making of a Prize Eclipse Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1991S&T....82...15G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: A scientific humanist: studies in memory of Abraham Sachs / University Museum, Philadelphia, 1988 Authors: de J-Ellis, M.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1991JHA....22..186D Altcode: 1991JHA....22..186L; 1991JHA....22..184L No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Brass and Glass - Scientific Instrument Making Workshops in Scotland Authors: Clarke, T. N.; Morrison-Low, A. D.; Simpson, A. D. C.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1991JHA....22..192C Altcode: 1991JHA....22..184C No abstract at ADS Title: The Great Mnemonics Contest Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1991atq..conf..263G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Two Astronomical Anniversaries - HCO and SAO Authors: Gingerich, O.; Hoskins, M. Bibcode: 1990S&T....80..617G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Horoscopes and history / Warburg Institute Surveys and Texts, xiii ; University of London, London, 1986 Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1990JHA....21..368G Altcode: 1990JHA....21..368N No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: The origins of Ptolemy's astronomical parameters / Center for Archaeoastronomy, 1982 Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1990JHA....21..364G Altcode: 1990JHA....21..364N No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - God & Nature - Historical Essays on the Encounter Between Christianity and Science Authors: Lindberg, D. C.; Numbers, R. L.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1990JHA....21..373L Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - the Wittich Connection Authors: Gingerich, O.; Westman, R. S.; Jardine, N. Bibcode: 1990JHA....21..355G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Unrolling time: Christiaan Huygens and the mathematization of nature / CUP, 1989 Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1990Obs...110..143G Altcode: 1990Obs...110..143Y No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Union catalogue of printed books of 15th, 16th and 17th centuries in European astronomical observatories / Vecchiarelli Editore, 1989 Authors: Maffei, P.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1990JHA....21..301M Altcode: 1990JHA....21..301G No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Astronomen-Sterne-Gerate: Landgraf Wilhelm IV und seine sich selbst bewegenden Globen / Edition Joseph Fremersdorf, Luzern, 1986 Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1990JHA....21..222G Altcode: 1990JHA....21..222L No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Early Scientific Instruments - Europe 1400-1800 Authors: Turner, A.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1990JHA....21..219T Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Two Astronomical Anniversaries Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1990JHA....21....1G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Through Rugged Ways to Galaxies Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1990JHA....21...77G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The Use of History in the Teaching of Astronomy Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1990teas.conf...39G Altcode: 1990IAUCo.105...39G No abstract at ADS Title: Five Centuries of Astronomical Textbooks and Their Role in Teaching Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1990teas.conf..189G Altcode: 1990IAUCo.105..189G No abstract at ADS Title: Shapley, Hubble, and Cosmology Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1990ASPC...10...19G Altcode: 1990eug..symp...19G No abstract at ADS Title: Two Astronomical Anniversaries Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1990taa..conf....1G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Through Rugged Ways to the Galaxies Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1990taa..conf...77G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Album of Science Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1989S&T....78R.606G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Empires of Time - Calendars Clocks and Cultures Authors: Aveni, A.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1989Natur.342..871A Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: La rotation de Saturne et de ses anneaux. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1989Ciel...51..446G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Herschel's Busy Intermissions Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1989S&T....78Q.453G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Shapley Hubble and Cosmology Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1989PASP..101..883G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Christopher Schissler's Wonderful "Bowl of Ahza" of 1578 Authors: Gingerich, O.; Sadler, P. Bibcode: 1989BAAS...21.1218G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Science and objectivity: episodes in the history of astronomy. / Iowa State University Press, 1988 Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1989S&T....78..270G Altcode: 1989S&T....78..270H No abstract at ADS Title: MicroObservatory Authors: Brecher, K.; Sadler, P.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1989BAAS...21.1184B Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Bin no More / Binning and Scaling Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1989S&T....78..125G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Tychonis Brahe triangulorum planorum et sphaericorum praxis arithmetica / Sandig Reprint Verlag, 1984 Authors: Studnica, F. I.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1989JHA....20..141S Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Mathematical Astronomy in Copernicus's de Revolutionibus Authors: Swerdlow, N. B.; Neugebauer, O.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1989JHA....20..128S Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The 1953 Michigan Summer Symposium in Astrophysics Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1989BAAS...21..741G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Reflections on the role of archaeoastronomy in the history of astronomy. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1989arch.conf...38G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Johannes Kepler. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1989parr.conf...54G Altcode: Contents: 1. The secret of the universe. 2. The new astronomy. 3. The nova of 1604, the telescope, and comets. 4. The Harmony of the World. 5. The Epitome of Copernican Astronomy. 6. The Rudolphine Tables. 7. Evaluation. Title: J. L. E. Dreyer and His NGC Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1988S&T....76..621G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Sacrobosco as a Textbook Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1988JHA....19..269G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Printers and Libraries of 16TH-CENTURY Paris - Cavellat ed. Authors: Nationale, Biblioteque; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1988JHA....19..274N Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The universal rover Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1988Natur.336..288G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - the Time Museum - Astrolabes Astrolabe-Related Instruments Authors: Turner, A. J.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1988JHA....19..275T Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - a History of Western Astronomy Authors: Tester, S. J.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1988S&T....76..366T Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Through Rugged Ways to the Galaxies Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1988BAAS...20..948G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: When the world turned Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1988Natur.335..123G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: How Shapley came to Harvard - Snatching the Prize from the Jaws of Debate Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1988JHA....19..201G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Obituary - Zdenek Horsky 1929-1988 Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1988JHA....19..215G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: From ancient omens to statistical mechanics. / University Library, Copenhagen, 1987. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1988JHA....19..142G Altcode: 1988JHA....19..142B No abstract at ADS Title: Shapley's Impact Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1988IAUS..126...23G Altcode: Harlow Shapley's legacy can be divided into three aspects: his scientific contributions, the institutions he built, and his multi-faceted efforts to publicize astronomy. Today's public funding of science undoubtedly owes much to Shapley's enthusiasm for astronomy. Title: The Wittich connection: Conflict and priority in late sixteenth-century cosmology Authors: Gingerich, Owen; Westman, Robert S. Bibcode: 1988wccp.book.....G Altcode: 1988QB41.G45....... No abstract at ADS Title: The Invisible Planet Rahu Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1987QJRAS..28..538G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: When dark is light enough Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1987Natur.330..288G Altcode: 1987Natur.330..288H No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Practical Astronomy Authors: Devorkin, D. H.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1987S&T....74..152D Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The mysterious nebulae, 1610-1924. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1987JRASC..81..113G Altcode: The history of our knowledge of nebulae is traced from the earliest visual observations to the recognition that spiral nebulae were indeed "island universes". Title: Book-Review - Catalogus Codicum Manuscriptorum Medii Aevi Latinorum Qui in Bibliotheca Jagellonica Cracovie Asservantur - V.3 Authors: Kowalczyk, M.; Kozlowska, A.; Markowski, M.; Wlodek, S.; Zathey, G.; Zwiercan, M.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1987JHA....18..229K Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - 1726-1799 Catalog of the Correspondence of the Astronomers of Brera - V.1 Authors: Mandrino, A.; Tagliaferri, G.; Tucci, P.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1987JHA....18..229M Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Manuscripts of the Dibner Collection in the Dibner Library of the History of Science and Technology of the Smithsonian Institution Libraries Authors: Smithsonian; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1987JHA....18..229S Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Circles and Ellipses / Astronomical Measurements in the 1600'S Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1987S&T....74....6G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Zoomorphic Astrolabes and the Introduction of Arabic Star Names into Europe Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1987NYASA.500...89G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Circles of God - Theology and Science from the Greeks to Copernicus Authors: Nebelsick, J. P.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1987JHA....18..130N Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The Invisible planet Rahu Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1987QJRAS..28R.538G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The Invisible planet Rahu Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1987QJRAS..28Q.538G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Nicholas Copernicus - V.3 - Minor Works Authors: Czartoryski, P.; Rosen, E.; Hilfstein, E.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1987S&T....73..281C Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - a Historical Catalogue of Scientists and Scientific Books from the Earliest Times to the Close of the 19TH-CENTURY Authors: Gascoigne, R. M.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1987JHA....18Q..70G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - a Historical Catalogue of Scientific Periodicals 1665-1900 Authors: Gascoigne, R. M.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1987JHA....18R..70G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: History of Oriental astronomy. Proceedings of the 91st Colloquium of the International Astronomical Union, held at New Delhi, India, 13 - 16 November 1985. Authors: Swarup, G.; Bag, A. K.; Shukla, K. S.; Kennedy, E. S.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1987hoap.book.....S Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Galileo and the Catholic Church Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1986Sci...234..411G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Planetary Lunar and Solar Positions New and Full Moons Authors: Gingerich, O.; Welther, B.; Cohen, I. B. Bibcode: 1986JHA....17..207G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - the Time Museum - Time Measuring Instruments - Water-Clocks Sand-Glasses Fire-Clocks Authors: Turner, A. J.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1986JHA....17..211T Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Rhetici - Narratio-Prima Authors: Hugonnard-Roche, H.; Verdet, J. P.; Lerner, M. P.; Segonds, A.; Moesgaard, K. P.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1986JHA....17..130H Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - the Astronomical Scrapbook Authors: Ashbrook, J.; Robinson, L. J.; Gingerich, O.; Ronan, C. A. Bibcode: 1986JBAA...96..182A Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - the General History of Astronomy Authors: Gingerich, O.; Ronan, C. A. Bibcode: 1986JBAA...96..183G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Islamic Astronomy Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1986SciAm.254d..74G Altcode: 1986SciAm.254...74G No abstract at ADS Title: Newton, Halley, and the Comet Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1986S&T....71..230G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Fire and Ice - a History of Comets in Art Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1986JHA....17...62G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Astrophysics and Twentieth-Century Astronomy to 1950 Volume 4, Part A, of the General History of Astronomy and The History of Astronomy from Herschel to Hertzsprung and The Astronomical Scrapbook: Skywatchers, Pioneers, and Seekers in Astronomy Authors: Gingerich, Owen; Herrmann, Dieter B.; Ashbrook, Joseph; Dick, Steven J. Bibcode: 1986PhT....39d..59G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Harlow Shapley and the Cepheids Authors: Gingerich, Owen; Welther, Barbara Bibcode: 1985S&T....70..540G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Astrophysics and Twentieth-Century Astronomy to 1950 Authors: Gingerich, O.; Porter, R.; de Vaucouleurs, G. Bibcode: 1985JHA....16..224G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Halley's Letter to Gregory Concerning the Synopsis Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1985JHA....16R.221G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Halley's letter to Gregory concerning the "Synopsis". Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1985JHA....16..223G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Robert Trumpler and the Dustiness of Space Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1985S&T....70..213G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Oriens-Occidens Authors: Hartner, W.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1985JHA....16..138H Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Astrophysics and 20TH-CENTURY Astronomy to 1950 Authors: Gingerich, O.; Greenstein, J. L. Bibcode: 1985S&T....69..515G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Revolution in Time Authors: Landes, D. S.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1985JHA....16..149L Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Ptolemaic astronomy for an emperor's eyes. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1985S&T....69..406G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Astrophysics and 20TH-CENTURY Astronomy to 1950 - Part a Authors: Gingerich, O.; Lovell, B. Bibcode: 1985Obs...105...54G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Beyond Velikovsky - the History of a Public Controversy Authors: Bauer, H. H.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1985Natur.314..692B Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Brown Dwarfs Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1985Sci...227.1154G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The Astronomy of Alfonso-The Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1985S&T....69..206G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Phases of Venus 1610-1611 Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1985S&T....69..196G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Tychonic and Semi-Tychonic World Systems Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1985JHA....16Q..49G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Did Copernicus Owe a Debt to Aristarchus Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1985JHA....16...37G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - the Dissolution of the Celestial Spheres 1595-1650 Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1985JHA....16R..54G Altcode: 1985JHA....16Q..49D No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - the Biographical Dictionary of Scientists - Astronomers Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1985JHA....16...59G Altcode: 1985JHA....16...49A; 1985JHA....16...59O No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - William Whiston Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1985JHA....16S..54G Altcode: 1985JHA....16Q..49F No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - the Symphony 1720-1840 Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1985JHA....16...68G Altcode: 1985JHA....16R..49B No abstract at ADS Title: The discovery of the spiral arms of the Milky Way Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1985IAUS..106...59G Altcode: Historical events leading to the discovery of the spiral arms of the Milky Way are recounted. Attempts in the 1930s and 1940s to determine the spiral structure of the Galaxy by star counting methods, essentially the continuation of the work of the Kapteyn Astronomical Laboratory, failed to reach this goal. A new foundation for the search was laid by Baade in his studies of stellar populations. With the recognition that highly luminous objects, especially in the H II regions, would outline the spiral structure, Morgan and Sharpless and Osterbrook carried out the observational program that delineated, in 1951, the nearby arms of the Milky Way. The full paper was never published, so the historical details have remained somewhat vague, primarily because the 21-cm discoveries so quickly overtook the optical researches. Title: The accuracy of ephemerides, 1500 1800 Authors: Gingerich, Owen; Welther, B. Bibcode: 1985VA.....28..339G Altcode: 1985loze.conf..339G; 1985IAUCo..84..339G No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Watcher of the Winter Sun Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1985JHAS...16...67G Altcode: 1985ArchS...8...67G; 1985JHAS...16...62G No abstract at ADS Title: Galileo and the Phases of Venus Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1984S&T....68..520G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - the General History of Astronomy - V.4 - Astrophysics and 20TH Century Astronomy to 1950 Authors: Gingerich, O.; Hufbauer, K. Bibcode: 1984Sci...226.1067G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - to Fulfill a Vision - Einstein Authors: Ne'eman, Y.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1984JHA....15..222N Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Phases of Venus in 1610 Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1984JHA....15..209G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Some Strangeness in the Proportion - Albert Einstein Authors: Woolf, H.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1984JHA....15..222W Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Einstein - the First Hundred Years Authors: Goldsmith, M.; Mackay, A.; Woudhuysen, J.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1984JHA....15..222G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - the General History of Astronomy - V.4A - Astrophysics and 20TH Century Astronomy to 1950 Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1984JBAA...94..287G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Albert Einstein Historical and Cultural Perspectives Authors: Holton, G.; Elkana, Y.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1984JHA....15..222H Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Astrophysics and 20TH-CENTURY Astronomy to 1950 Authors: Gingerich, O.; McKenna-Lawlor, S. M. P. Bibcode: 1984SSRv...39..378G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin Authors: Haramundanis, K.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1984Natur.310..519H Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Being an astronomer, being a woman Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1984Natur.310..519G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Astronomical scrapbook: the discovery of the Milky Way's spiral arms. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1984S&T....68...10G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Planetary Lunar and Solar Positions AD1650-1805 Authors: Gingerich, O.; Welther, B.; Taylor, G. E. Bibcode: 1984Obs...104..165G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: A Tasi Couple from Schoner's de Revolutionibus Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1984JHA....15..128G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Ptolemy's Almagest Authors: Toomer, G. J.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1984Natur.308..789T Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Galileo and the Phases of Venus Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1984BAAS...16Q.489G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Some Puzzles of Ptolemy's Star Catalogue Authors: Gingerich, O.; Welther, B. L. Bibcode: 1984S&T....67..421G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Johannes Kepler and Graz Authors: Sutter, B.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1984JHA....15...52S Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Radio astronomy and the nature of science Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1984eyra.book..399G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Shuttle Astrolabe Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1984S&T....68..100G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Astrophysics and 20TH-CENTURY Astronomy to 1950 Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1984AExpr...1S..81G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Herschel's 1784 Autobiography Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1984S&T....68..317G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Astrophysics and Twentieth-Century Astronomy to 1950. Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1984atca.conf.....G Altcode: 1984QB15.G38v4..... No abstract at ADS Title: Planetary Ephemeris Tables: -1000 to -601 A Review of: Ephemeriden von Sonne, Mond und hellen Planeten von -1000 bis -601 by Hermann Hunger and Rudolf Dvorak Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1984Arch....7..134G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Planetary Lunar and Solar Positions A.D. 1650-1805 Authors: Gingerich, O.; Welther, B. Bibcode: 1984Mercu..13S..93G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Astronomical Institutions Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1984atca.conf..111G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Laboratory Exercises in Astronomy -- The Orbit of Mars Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1983S&T....66..300G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: How Astronomers Finally Captured Mercury Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1983S&T....66..203G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Ptolemy and the Maverick Motion of Mercury Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1983S&T....66...11G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: The History of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics: A Selected, Annotated Bibliography, by David H. DeVorkin Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1983JHA....14..146G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Poklady Starého Hvezdarstvi, by Jaroslav Vrchotka Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1983JHA....14...67G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The Civil Reception of the Gregorian Calendar Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1983grc..conf..265G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: From Aristarchus to Copernicus. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1983S&T....66..410G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Planetary, lunar, and solar positions, new and full moons, A.D. 1650 - 1805. Authors: Gingerich, O.; Welther, B. L. Bibcode: 1983plsp.book.....G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Ancient Egyptian sky magic. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1983S&T....65..418G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Astronomical Scrapbook - Notes on the Gregorian Calendar Reform Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1982S&T....64..530G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Shoulders of Giants: An Exhibition at Houghton Library Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1982BAAS...14..873G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Astronomical Scrapbook - Dreyer and Tycho's World System Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1982S&T....64..138G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - the Expanding Universe - Astronomy's Great Debate 1900-1931 Authors: Smith, R. W.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1982Natur.298..776S Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: An enlarged Universe Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1982Natur.298..776G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The Galileo Affair Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1982SciAm.247b.132G Altcode: 1982SciAm.247..118G; 1982SciAm.247..132G No abstract at ADS Title: Some Astronomical Observations from 13TH-CENTURY Egypt Authors: King, D. A.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1982JHA....13..121K Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Albert Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity - Emergence / 1905 / and Early Interpretation / 1905-1911 Authors: Miller, A. I.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1982JHA....13..135M Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: An Astrolabe from Lahore Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1982S&T....63..358G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Obituary - Payne-Gaposchkin Cecilia Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1982QJRAS..23..450G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - a Source Book in Astronomy and Astrophysics Authors: Lang, K. R.; Gingerich, O.; Maran, S. P. Bibcode: 1982ApL....22...78L Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Laboratory Exercises in Astronomy -- The Rotation of the Sun Authors: Gingerich, Owen; Tresch-Fienberg, Richard Bibcode: 1982S&T....64..433G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Book of the New Comet Authors: Munoz, J.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1982JHA....13..224M Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The historical tension between astronomical theory and observation Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1982rupp.book....1G Altcode: A review of instances in the history of astronomy wherein conflicts between the results of theory and observation occurred, to be later ameliorated or exaggerated by further evidence, is presented. Among the examples are Aristotle's arguments that the form of a celestial body will always be spherical to evenly distribute the mass, and the currently held concept that all celestial objects greater than a few kilometers in radius will be spherical due to gravitational forces. Ptolemy's observations of planetary orbits, however, are noted to have accurately resulted in a numerical model which did not factually represent planetary orbits. It is noted that observation is usually performed with a theory in mind, and interpretation is therefore hindered from clear analysis of phenomena which do not conform to previously held mental models. Title: Henry Draper's Scientific Legacy Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1982NYASA.395..308G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: IAU Commission 41 at Patras. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1982JHA....13..227G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Astronomical Scrapbook - a Search for Russell's Original Diagram Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1982S&T....63...36G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Archaeoastronomers Convene in Oxford Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1982S&T....63....7G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Tobias Mayer 1723-62 - Pioneer of Enlightened Science in Germany Authors: Forbes, E. G.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1982JHA....13...72F Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Fake Astrolabes Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1982S&T....63..465G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Unlocking the Chemical Secrets of the Cosmos Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1981S&T....62...13G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The Galileo Affair in Contemporary Perspective Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1981BAAS...13..821G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Ptolemy Revisited - Reply to Newton, R.R. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1981QJRAS..22...40G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - General Bibliography of Time Measurement Authors: Tardy; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1981JHA....12..153T Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - the Royal Society Catalogue of Portraits Authors: Robinson, N. H.; Forbes, E. G.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1981JHA....12..152R Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The New York Academy of Sciences Conference: Ethnoastronomy and Archaeoastronomy in the American Tropics Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1981Arch....4b...5G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - the Gemini Syndrome Authors: Culver, R. B.; Janna, P. A.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1981JHA....12..153C Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: A Reattribution of the Tychonic Annotations in Copies of Copernicus's De-Revolutionibus Authors: Gingerich, O.; Westman, R. S. Bibcode: 1981JHA....12...53G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Fire of Life Authors: Hadingham, E.; Gingerich, O.; Eddy, J.; Bedini, S.; Krupp, E. C. Bibcode: 1981JHA....12..153H Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Eighteenth Century Eclipse Paths Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1981S&T....62..324G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - the Star of Bethlehem - a List of References Authors: Freitag, R. S.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1981JHA....12..212F Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Atget's Eclipse Watchers Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1981S&T....61..215G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Dreams and Illusions of Astrology Authors: Gauquelin, M.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1981JHA....12..153G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Great Conjunctions TYCHO and Shakespeare Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1981S&T....61..394G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: An Early Tradition of an Extended Errata List for Copernicus's De-Revolutionibus Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1981JHA....12...47G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Never at Rest Authors: Westfall, R. S.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1981JHA....12..153W Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Heralds of Science Authors: Dibner, B.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1981JHA....12..214D Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - in Quest of Telescopes Authors: Cohen, M.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1981JHA....12..214C Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - English Almanacs 1500-1800 - Astrology and the Popular Press Authors: Capp, B.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1981JHA....12...65C Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - the Star of Bethlehem - an Astronomer's Confirmation Authors: Hughes, D.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1981JHA....12..212H Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The First Photograph of a Nebula / Draper, Henry Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1980S&T....60..364G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Joseph Ashbrook: Renaissance Man Authors: Bok, Bart J.; Chapman, Clark R.; Federer, Charles A., Jr.; Gingerich, Owen; Haas, Walter H.; Jacchia, Luigi G.; Marsden, Brian G.; Mayall, Margaret W.; Robinson, Leif J.; White, John Bibcode: 1980S&T....60..281B Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Obituary - Ashbrook, Joseph Authors: Robinson, L. J.; Bok, B. J.; Chapman, C. R.; Federer, C. A., Jr.; Gingerich, O.; Haas, W. H.; Jacchia, L. G.; Marsden, B. G.; Mayall, M. W.; White, J. Bibcode: 1980S&T....60..281R Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Did Copernicus owe a secret debt to Aristarchus? Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1980BAAS...12..885G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Did Copernicus Owe a Secret Debt to Aristarchus? Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1980BAAS...12..793G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Was Ptolemy a Fraud? Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1980QJRAS..21..253G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Appendix to E. S. Kennedy "Astronomical Events from a Persian Astrological Manuscript" Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1980Cent...24..178G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - a Source Book in Astronomy and Astrophysics - 1900-1975 Authors: Lang, K. R.; Gingerich, O.; Whitney, C. A. Bibcode: 1980S&T....60...53L Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Bright Comets - 86 TO + 1950 Authors: Muckke, H.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1980Arch....3R..38M Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - a Source Book in Astronomy and Astrophysics 1900-1975 Authors: Lang, K. R.; Gingerich, O.; Tayler, R. J. Bibcode: 1980Natur.284..707L Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Reviews: Bright Comets -86 to +1950 -- Hermann Mucke Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1980Arch....3R..38G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: BOOK REVIEWS: CANON OF LUNAR ECLIPSES -2002 TO +2526 -- Jean Meeus &Hermann Mucke Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1980Arch....3Q..38G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - a Source Book in Astronomy an Astrophysics - 1900-1975 Authors: Lang, K. R.; Gingerich, O.; Cohen, I. B. Bibcode: 1980JHA....11..215L Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: On Writing the History of Modern Astronomy Authors: Hoskin, M.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1980JHA....11R.145H Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - the Sky Explored Authors: Warner, D. J.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1980JHA....11...73W Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Reviews: Stonehenge and its Mysteries, by Michael Balfour Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1980JHAS...11R..95G Altcode: 1980ArchS...2R..95G No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Stonehenge and its Mysteries Authors: Balfour, M.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1980JHAS...11..104B Altcode: 1980JHAS....2..104B; 1980ArchS...2..104B No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - the First European Observatory with its Instruments and Clocks - 400 Year Anniversary of Burgi, Jost in Kassel Authors: von Mackensen, L.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1980JHA....11..212V Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - a Source Book in Astronomy and Astrophysics - 1900-1975 Authors: Lang, K. R.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1980Sci...209.1013L Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - a Source Book in Astronomy and Astrophysics - 1900-1975 Authors: Lang, K. R.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1980S&T....59..154L Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Reviews: Rings of Stone, by Aubrey Burl Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1980JHAS...11Q..95G Altcode: 1980ArchS...2Q..95G No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Rings of Stone - the Prehistoric Stone Circles if Britain and Ireland Authors: Burl, A.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1980JHAS...11..103B Altcode: 1980ArchS...2..103B; 1980JHAS....2..103B No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Source Book in Astronomy and Astrophysics - 1900-1975 Authors: Lang, K.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1980Mercu...9...47L Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - Copernicus, Nicholas on the Revolutions Authors: Rosen, E.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1980S&T....59..148R Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - the Library of Logan, James of Philadelphia - 1674-1751 Authors: Wolf, E., II; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1980JHA....11..140W Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Plus CA Change, Plus C'est la meme Chose Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1980SciN..117...56G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Notes on the book of Copernicus. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1980VIET....2..103G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The Censorship of Copernicus' De revolutionibus Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1979BAAS...11..661G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Illuminating astronomy Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1979Natur.282..174G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - the Nature of Scientific Discovery Authors: Gingerich, O.; Dobrzycki, J. Bibcode: 1979JHA....10..129G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book-Review - a Source Book in Astronomy and Astrophysics 1900-1975 Authors: Lang, K. R.; Gingerich, O.; Morrison, P. Bibcode: 1979SciAm.242...30L Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The Basic Astronomy of Stonehenge Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1979asan.book..117G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: A Source book in astronomy and astrophysics, 1900-1975 Authors: Lang, Kenneth R.; Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1979sbaa.book.....L Altcode: 1979QB51.S67....... 132 selections containing the writings of important specialists in astrophysics, such as Eddington, Einstein, Gamow, Dyson and Bok, are presented. Attention is given to the solar system, variable and dying stars, and to stellar atmospheres, spectra, evolution and nucleosynthesis. Other subjects include the distribution of stars and the space between them, normal galaxies, radio galaxies, quasars, relativity, and cosmology. Some topics presented are the photoelectric photometry of the stars, radar determinations of the rotations of Venus and Mercury, the abundances of chemical elements in stellar atmospheres, and atomic synthesis and stellar energy. Also considered are T Tauri variable stars, the radio frequency detection of interstellar hydrogen, galactic magnetic fields and the origin of cosmic radiation, fluctuations in cosmic radiation at radio frequencies, and the relation between the expansion and the mean density of the universe. Title: Astronomical Alignments at Stonehenge and Callanish Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1978Arch....2a...5G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Astronomical Alignments at Stonehenge and Callanish Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1978BAAS...10..612G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Review of Publications- Cosmology + 1 introduced Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1978JRASC..72R.229G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: IAU Nomenclature for albedo features on the planet mercury Authors: Dollfus, A.; Chapman, C. R.; Davies, M. E.; Gingerich, O.; Goldstein, R.; Guest, J.; Morrison, D.; Smith, B. A. Bibcode: 1978Icar...34..210D Altcode: The International Astronomical Union has endorsed a nomenclature for the albedo features on Mercury. Designations are based upon the mythological names related to the god Hermes; they are expressed in Latin form. The dark-hued albedo features are associated with the generic term Solitudo. The light-hued areas are designed by a single name without generic term. The 32 names adopted are allocated on the Mercury map. Title: Book Review: Creation by natural law, Laplace's nebular hypothesis in American thought. Ronald L. Numbers. University of Washington Press, Seattle, 1977. xi + 184 pp., $15.00 Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1978Icar...33..416G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Time and the Calendars Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1978JHA.....9..221G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The discovery of the satellites of Mars Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1978VA.....22..127G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Joannis Regiomontani Opera Collectanea Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1978JHA.....9..146G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The discovery of the satellites of Mars. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1978sama.conf..127G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Astrolabes of the World Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1978JHA.....9...69G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: TYCHO Brahe and the Great Comet of 1577 Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1977S&T....54..452G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Laboratory Exercises in Astronomy -- The Crab Nebula Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1977S&T....54..378G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Price of "De Revolutionibus" Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1977Obs....97..147G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The 1582 "Theorica Orbium" of Hieronymus Vulparius Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1977JHA.....8...38G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Cosmology + 1. Readings from Scientific American. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1977cosm.book.....G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Caspar Peucer's Library Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1977JHA.....8...66G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The Nature of Scientific Discovery (Book Review) Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1977ApL....18..136G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: D. H. Menzel died 1976 December 14. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1977PhT....30e..96G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Copernicus and Tycho Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1977nass.book....9G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Cosmology + 1 : readings from Scientific American Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1977crsa.book.....G Altcode: 1977QB981.C823..... No abstract at ADS Title: The Catalogue of the History of Science Collections of the University of Oklahoma Libraries Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1977JHA.....8..215G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: That Lonely Game, Melville, Mardi, and the Almanac Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1977JHA.....8...68G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: New Frontiers in Astronomy (Book Review) Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1976ApL....18Q..52G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Was Ptolemy a Fraud? Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1976BAAS....8..546G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: On Ptolemy as the Greatest Astronomer of Antiquity. (Book Reviews: A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy) Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1976Sci...193..476N Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Erschröckliche und warhafftige Wunderzeichen 1543-1586, ed. by Bruno Weber, and Wunderzeichen und Winkeldrucker 1543-1586, by Bruno Weber Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1976JHA.....7..145G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The development of astronomical theory and practice from the 17th to the 20th century. Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1976VA.....20....1G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: History of astronomy. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1976IAUTA..16a.199G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Greenwich Tercentenary Symposium Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1975S&T....50..217G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The Sun Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1975maco.book...37G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Astronomy three hundred years ago Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1975Natur.255..602G Altcode: In the late 17th and early 18th centuries astronomers were coming to grips with phenomena ranging from comets to cosmology. This article describes how some of them set about solving the problems that emerged. Title: Corrigendum Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1975IAUC.2791....4G Altcode: The previous circular, issued 1975 June 17, should of course be numbered 2790. Title: Archeoastronomy Advancing. (Book Reviews: The Place of Astronomy in the Ancient World. Proceedings of a symposium, London, Dec. 1972; Science Awakening. Vol. 2. The Birth of Astronomy) Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1975Sci...188..842H Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Laboratory Exercises in Astronomy -- Proper Motion Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1975S&T....49...96G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: Mars and the mind of man. Ray Bradbury, Arthur C. Clarke, Bruce Murray, Carl Sagan, and Walter Sullivan. Harper and Row, New York. xiii + 143pp. Price $7.95 Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1975Icar...24..269G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The Awakening Interest in Science during the First Century of Printing 1450-1550 Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1975JHA.....6...70G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: 6.1. Kepler's place in astronomy Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1975VA.....18..261G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: 10.9. The origins of Kepler's Third Law Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1975VA.....18..595G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: New frontiers in astronomy : readings from Scientific American Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1975nfar.book.....G Altcode: 1975QB51.F74....... No abstract at ADS Title: The nature of scientific discovery. A symposium commemorating the 500th anniversary of the birth of Nicolaus Copernicus. Washington, D.C., April 1973. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1975nsds.book.....G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Johannes Hevelius and His Catalog of Stars Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1975JHA.....6...69G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Methodology of Kepler's work. Authors: Westman, R. S.; Buchdahl, G.; Mittelstrass, J.; Alter, G.; Russell, J. L.; Gingerich, O.; Bialas, V.; Maeyama, Y.; Neugebauer, O. Bibcode: 1975kfhy.conf..713W Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: "Crisis" versus aesthetic in the Copernican revolution. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1975cyt..conf...85G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: 12.7. Kepler's treatment of redundant observations or, the computer versus Kepler revisited Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1975VA.....18..747G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Copernicus and the impact of printing Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1975VA.....17..201G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The origins of Kepler's third law. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1975kfhy.conf..595G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Copernicus and the impact of printing. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1975cyt..conf..201G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: “Crisis” versus Aesthetic in the Copernican revolution Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1975VA.....17...85G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Commentary: Remarks on Copernicus' Observations Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1975coch.book...99G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Kepler's place in astronomy. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1975kfhy.conf..261G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The nature of scientific discovery Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1975nsd..conf.....G Altcode: 1975QB36.C8N37..... No abstract at ADS Title: Celebrating a Quinquecentennial. (Book Reviews: Nicholas Copernicus: Complete Works. I, The Manuscript of "On the Revolutions," Facsimile; Symposium on Copernicus. Papers from a meeting, April 1973) Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1974Sci...184..660H Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The astronomy and cosmology of Copernicus. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1974HiA.....3...67G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Kepler's second law in England. Authors: Thoren, V. E.; Gingerich, O.; Welther, B. Bibcode: 1974BrJHS...7..243T Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Book Review: An original theory of the universe. Thomas Wright. American Elsevier Inc. xxxvii + 178 pp. Price $32.00 Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1974Icar...22..119G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Copernicus and Tycho Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1973SciAm.229f..86G Altcode: 1973SciAm.229...86G No abstract at ADS Title: From Copernicus to Kepler : Heliocentrism as Model and as Reality Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1973PAPhS.117..513G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: International Copernican Celebrations in Poland Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1973S&T....46..371G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Invited Paper - Copernicus. Authors: Gingerich, O. J. Bibcode: 1973BAAS....5Q.407G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: History of astronomy. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1973IAUTA..15..639G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Kepler's treatment of redundant observations or, the computer versus Kepler revisited. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1973kepl.symp..307G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Johannes Kepler and the New Astronomy Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1972QJRAS..13..346G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The 'Abd al-A'imma Astrolabe Forgeries Authors: Gingerich, Owen; King, David; Saliba, George Bibcode: 1972JHA.....3..188G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Egyptian Astronomical Texts, iii Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1972JHA.....3..217G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The 'Abd al-A'imma astrolabe forgeries. Authors: Gingerich, O.; King, D.; Saliba, G. Bibcode: 1972JHA.....2..188G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Johannes Kepler and the Rudolphine Tables Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1971S&T....42..328G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The Harvard-Smithsonian reference atmosphere Authors: Gingerich, O.; Noyes, R. W.; Kalkofen, W.; Cuny, Y. Bibcode: 1971SoPh...18..347G Altcode: We present a model of the solar atmosphere in the optical depth range from τ5000 = 10−8 to 25. It combines an improved model of the photosphere that incorporates recent EUV observations with a new model of the quiet lower chromosphere. The latter is based on OSO 4 observations of the Lyman continuum, on infrared observations, and on eclipse electron densities. Title: Apianus's Astronomicum Caesareum and its Leipzig Facsimile Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1971JHA.....2..168G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Laboratory Exercises in Astronomy -- Spectral Classification Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1970S&T....40...75G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Laboratory exercises in astronomy. - Spectral classification. Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1970S&T....40...74G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Astronomy in Harvard Project Physics Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1970BAAS....2..275G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Frontiers in astronomy; readings from Scientific American. Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1970farf.book.....G Altcode: 1970QB51.F74....... No abstract at ADS Title: The Ultraviolet Solar Opacity Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1970IAUS...36..140G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The Satellites of Mars: Prediction and discovery Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1970JHA.....1..109G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The Effect of Silicon and Carbon Opacity on Ultra-Violet Stellar Spectra Authors: Gingerich, O.; Latham, D. Bibcode: 1970IAUS...36...64G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Messier's Nebulae and Star Clusters Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1970JHA.....1...82G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Astronomy in Harvard Project Physics Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1969BAAS....1S.344G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Kepler and the Resonant Structure of the Solar System Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1969Icar...11..111G Altcode: Molchanov's ordering the solar system by a table of resonance relations recalls an earlier attempt by Johannes Kepler (1571-1630). Title: A New Solar Model Atmosphere Authors: Gingerich, Owen J. Bibcode: 1969BAAS....1R.277G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Astronomy in Britain. (Book Reviews: Astronomers Royal) Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1969Sci...164..940R Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The Grid of Model Stellar Atmospheres from 4000° to 10,000° Authors: Carbon, D. F.; Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1969tons.conf..377C Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Model atmospheres for cool dwarf stars Authors: Carbon, D.; Gingerich, O. J.; Latham, D. W. Bibcode: 1969lls..symp..435C Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Theory and observation of normal stellar atmospheres Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1969tons.conf.....G Altcode: 1969tons.book.....G No abstract at ADS Title: "On the composition of Sirius" revisited Authors: Strom, S. E.; Gingerich, O.; Strom, K. M. Bibcode: 1968Obs....88..160S Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Model Atmospheres for Cool Stars Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1968inas.book...83G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The Far Ultraviolet Spectrum of the Sun Authors: Gingerich, Owen; Rich, John C. Bibcode: 1968SoPh....3...82G Altcode: Predictions of solar flux and limb darkening calculated from the Utrecht Reference Model, the Mutschlecner model, and the Bilderberg Continuum Atmosphere are compared with the rocket ultraviolet observations. The calculations employ recent experimental and theoretical determinations of metallic photo-ionization cross-sections. The spectral region between the continuous absorption edge from the first excited level of silicon at 1680 Å and the ground-state absorption edge at 1525 Å proves particularly significant for an investigation of the solar temperature minimum. The analysis indicates that the solar temperature minimum is relatively broad and flat, having a nearly constant temperature over somewhat more than a scale height, and that the chromospheric rise occurs just above τ5000 = 10−4 or so. Within the assumptions of the present models, a satisfactory interpretation of the ultraviolet spectrum can be reached with a temperature minimum of 4600° ± 100 °K. Title: Effects of Line Blanketing on the Solar Windows Authors: Carbon, Duane; Gingerich, Owen; Kurucz, Robert Bibcode: 1968SoPh....3...55C Altcode: The increasingly high flux predicted to the violet of 4500 Å by many model solar atmospheres stands in contradiction to the observations. Since one possible cause of the disagreement is that the solar `windows' by which the observed continuum is established might be obscured by line wings, we have made detailed calculations of these narrow spectral regions. With the exception of a few windows affected by the wings of Balmer lines, those redward of the Balmer discontinuity appear free of line blanketing. Even the assumption that the ultraviolet continuum is depressed 5% by unseen lines not included in our calculations leaves substantial disagreements between the models and observations. The discrepancies could perhaps be explained by a veil of weak lines across the ultraviolet spectrum. Title: The Bilderberg Model of the Photosphere and Low Chromosphere Authors: Gingerich, O.; De Jager, C. Bibcode: 1968SoPh....3....5G Altcode: From 17 through 21 April 1967, an international study week was held in the `Bilderberg' near Arnhem, Netherlands, with the aim of obtaining an internationally acceptable model of the solar photosphere and low chromosphere. It was found that such a model, based on observed intensities and center-to-limb observations of the solar continuous spectrum, could indeed be established. This model, henceforth called the Bilderberg Continuum Atmosphere (BCA), is shown in Table I, which gives the temperature, gas and electron pressures, and other data as functions of the continuous optical depth at 5000 Å between τ5000 = 10−7 and 25. The model is characterized by a flat temperature minimum of 4600 °K between τ5000 ≈ 10−2 to 10−4. The model is homogeneous, and in hydrostatic equilibrium. A hydrogen-helium ratio of 10 has been assumed. Title: What Is an English Mounting? Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1967S&T....34..293G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Messier's Clusters and Nebulae Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1967ASPL...10...73G Altcode: 1967ASPL..460.....G No abstract at ADS Title: Laboratory Exercises in Astronomy -- Variable Stars in M15 Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1967S&T....34..239G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Kepleriana. (Book Reviews: Kepler's Somnium. The Dream, or Post-humous Work on Lunar Astronomy) Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1967Sci...157..416R Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Model Atmospheres for Late-Type Stars Authors: Gingerich, Owen J.; Latham, D. W.; Linsky, J. L.; Kumar, S. S. Bibcode: 1967SAOSR.240...11G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Model Atmosphere for Cool Stars Authors: Gingerich, Owen J. Bibcode: 1967SAOSR.240....1G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Model atmospheres for cool stars Authors: Gingerich, O. J.; Latham, D. W.; Linsky, J. L.; Kumar, S. S. Bibcode: 1967SAOSR.240.....G Altcode: (1) Model Atmospheres for Cool Stars, by O. J. Gingerich. Serious problems beset the would-be constructor of stellar atmosphere models for cool stars: molecular absorptions, an involved equation of state, severe scattering, and convective instability This paper describes early attempts to build models for Teff = 2500°, including one with simulated water-vapor absorption. (2) Model Atmospheres for Late-Type Stars, by O. J. Gingerich, D. W. Latham, J. L. Linsky, and S. S. Kumar. Five model atmospheres for Teff = 2500° K with gravities ranging from dwarf to supergiant are presented in detail; they are among the most nongray models ever computed. We have paid particular attention to the equation of state for the atomic electron contributors and to the treatment of scattering, which is a major opacity source. These radiative equilibrium models are idealized in that we do not include water-vapor absorption or convection, but we indicate how these models may differ from more realistic cases. In all the models molecular hydrogen predominates, and in the dwarf models the photospheric gas pressure exceeds several hundred earth atmospheres. Models with low metal abundances appear to mimic normal models with higher gravities. Title: Erratum: Studies in Non-Gray Stellar Atmospheres. III. The Metal Abundances of Sirius and VEGA Authors: Strom, Stephen E.; Gingerich, Owen; Strom, Karen M. Bibcode: 1967ApJ...148..316S Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Applications of high-speed computers to the history of astronomy Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1967VA......9..229G Altcode: Historically, the development of rapid and accurate computing devices has been closely linked with astronomy. More recently, the construction of high-speed electronic computers has provided a tool for the study of the history of astronomy itself. Among the most obvious aids has been the preparation of extensive planetary, solar and lunar tables, including lunar visibility tables for ancient Babylon. A different kind of table is illustrated by the recent calculation of the regular sexagesimals and their reciprocals to the tenth order. Whenever extensive similar calculations are involved, the computer promises to be a powerful aid. For example, one can attempt to match tables in a historic manuscript or zij; because of the computer's high speed, one can experiment to find the original computational scheme, or to discover the basic parameters of an unknown table. In an interesting recomputation of Kepler's Mars calculations, I have demonstrated that his work is apparently filled with numerical errors. In another investigation, I have shown how the Copernican planetary trajectories are less accurate than the Ptolemaic system. Title: Model atmospheres for late-type stars Authors: Gingerich, O.; Latham, D. W.; Linsky, J.; Kumar, S. S. Bibcode: 1967lts..conf..291G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Studies in Non-Gray Stellar Atmospheres. III. The Metal Abundances of Sirius and VEGA Authors: Strom, Stephen E.; Gingerich, Owen; Strom, Karen M. Bibcode: 1966ApJ...146..880S Altcode: The analyses presented here for Vega and Sirius indicate that Sirius has many of the abundance anomalies characteristic of metallic-line A stars, while Vega has a chemical composition very similar to that deduced for the Sun. This investigation is based on a newly calculated, detailed grid of model stellar atmospheres that incorporates hydrogen-line blanketing and includes a range of metal opacities. Owing to their eflect, of reducing the predicted Balmer discontinuity, the abundances of Si and Mg are shown to be important in the choice of appropriate models for A stars. The stellar-atmosphere grid used in conjunction with a careful abundance analysis very closely predicts the observed continuous spectra of Vega and Sirius and leads to reasonably self-consistent values of chemical composition. Moreover, the values of effective temperature, T.11 = 9000 + 5000 K for both stars, and surface gravity, log g = 4.0 i 0.2 and 3.8 + 0.2 for Sirius and Vega, respectively, obtained from this analysis, are in excellent agreement with independent measures of these parameters. Title: Notice Regarding Precise Positions of Comets Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1966IAUC.1983....4G Altcode: The Central Bureau has traditionally disseminated, via these Circulars, precise positions of comets and unusual asteroids currently under observation. Such positions are for the use of computers, who in turn provide ephemerides for the benefit of the observers. When a moderately bright comet appears, the Bureau receives a great many precise positions, but they are not all necessarily of value in the determination of the orbit. In the future, we intend to limit the number of observations published. If observers wish to make more than two observations of a comet during any one night, they are requested to send us the two they regard to be the most accurate. Unpublished observations will be forwarded to the Minor Planet Center, which has agreed with IAU Commission 20 to maintain a file of comet observations. Title: On the Infrared Continuum of the Sun and Stars Authors: Noyes, Robert W.; Gingerich, Owen; Goldberg, Leo Bibcode: 1966ApJ...145..344N Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Limb Darkening for a Grid of Model Stellar Atmospheres Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1966ApJ...144.1213G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Metallic Continuous Absorption Coefficients in the Solar Ultraviolet. Authors: Gingerich, Owen; Rich, John C. Bibcode: 1966AJ.....71..161G Altcode: Computations with a hydrogenic approximation for the bound-free absorption coefficient from various neutral metals and with the Goldberg-M iller-Aller abundances indicate that silicon and magnesium should predominate over all other mdals in the solar ultraviolet. New shocktube results for silicon show that the experimental cross section for the ground state is 37x 10~ls Cm2, almost a factor of 10 larger than the hydrogenic value. For the first excited level (1D), the experiments yield 35 X 10~18 Cm2, five times larger than the hydrogenic approximation. Comparison with previous experimental results for the lower levels of magnesium shows that silicon completely dominates the bound-free metal opacity between about 1300 and 2000 A. Results of flux calculations using empirical solar models with temperature inversions, incorporating the improved metal opacity, and assuming LTE show that the continuum radiation short of 1682 A (the absorption edge of the first excited level of silicon) originates in the low chromosphere above the temperature minimum. Consequently, we conclude that the Fraunhofer spectrum seen at longer wavelengths should disappear fairly abruptly at 1682 A. This result is consistent with the appearance and tracings of the rocket ultraviolet spectrum. The calculations also show that the silicon ground state continuum beginning at 1526 A is in emission, and that there is significant limb brightening at shorter wavelengths; again, this agrees with the observations. Longward of 1682 A the predicted flux increases by two orders of magnitude. That such a large increase is not observed in the solar spectrum indicates that an additional source of absorption is required redward of 1682 A. A careful survey of possible continuous metal absorbers suggests that these will be inadequate to account for the missing opacity, which may, however, be supplied by overlapping bands of carbon monoxide. From these results it follows that one must look at wavelengths longer than 1682 A to observe details of the solar temperature minimum. Title: Leonid meteors 1966 Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1966IAUC.1981....1G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The Formation of Spectrum Lines. Proceedings Second Harvard-Smithsonian Conference on Stellar Atmospheres Authors: Avrett, E. H.; Gingerich, O. J.; Whitney, C. A. Bibcode: 1965SAOSR.174.....A Altcode: A conference on the theory of line formation was held at the Observatory on January 20-22, 1965, in conjunction with the Harvard College Observatory. The conference was convened to facilitate discussions among an increasing number of scientists engaged in the study and application of line-transfer theory. An edited transcript of the discussions is presented, together with the following papers: Session I: (1) Introductory Remarks, by C. A. Whitney; (2) Survey of the Problem, by J. T. Jefferies; (3) Theory of the Line Absorption Coefficient, by H. R. Griem; (4) The Emission Coefficient, by D. G. Hummer; (5) Collision Cross Sections, by M. J. Seaton: (6) Dielectronic Recombination, by A. Burgess; (7) The Plasma Microfield, by K. Hunger, R. W. Larenz, and K. Wilke; (8) Computation of the Line Source Function. A Review of the Physical Problem, by R. N. Thomas; (9) Solutions of the Two-Level Line Transfer Problem with Complete Redistribution, by E. H. Avrett; (10) General Noncoherent Scattering, by D. G. Hummer; (11) A New Differential Equation Approach to Transfer Problems, by G. B. Rybicki; (12) A Differential Equation for the Solution of the Non-LTE Line Transfer Problem, by E. Böhm-Vitense (13) Multilevel Problems, by J. T. Jefferies; (14) Radiative Transfer in Lines for Media in Statistical Equilibrium, by W. Kalkofen; (15) Calculations of Collisional-Radiative Decay, by M. J. Seaton; (16) On the Coupled Line-Transfer Problem for Hydrogen, by H. R. Johnson and D. A. Klinglesmith; (17) Solution of the Line and Continuum Transfer Problem for a Three-Level Atom, by W. Kalkofen and E. H. Avrett; (18) Solution of the Transfer Problem, by Y. Cuny; (19) Remarks by J. T. Jefferies Preceding the Paper by G. W. Curtis; (20) Inference of the Line Source Function for the Sodium D Lines, by G. W. Curtis; (21) Sodium Equilibrium and the Na I D Lines, by H. R. Johnson; and (22) The Profiles of the Sodium D Lines, by D. Mugglestone. Session II: (1) An Analysis of Solar Balmer Line Profiles, by O. R. White; (2) Stellar Chromosphere and Ca II H and K Emission, by O. C. Wilson; (3) Observational Requirements for Theory of Formation, of H and K Lines, by L. Goldberg; (4) The Calcium H and K Lines in Solar Plages, by J. B. Zirker; (5) Dielectronic Recombination and the Solar H and K Lines, by R. W. Noyes; (6) Total Fluxes in Strong Emission Lines, by R. G. Athay; (7) Deductions as to Accuracy of LTE from Excitation Temperature Measurements, and a Comment on the Abundance of "Trace Elements"; (8) Micromotions, Macromotions, and Non-LTE Effects, by J. -C. Pecker and F. Roddier; and (9) Non-LTE Effects on Abundance Determination, by R. Cayrel. Title: Metal Abundance Determinations for Vega and Sirius Authors: Strom, S. E.; Gingerich, Owen; Strom, K. M. Bibcode: 1965AJ.....70R.148S Altcode: Some recent model atmosphere work done by the authors (Strom, S. E. and Avrett, E. H., Ann. Astrophys., in press) suggested that the anomalously small Balmer discontinuity observed in Sirius might be due to an increase in continuous metal opacities arising from a high abundance of metals, particularly Mg and Si. This hypothesis provided the motivation behind the two abundance analyses reported here. For these analyses a standard grid of nine, non- gray stellar models was constructed for the effective temperature range 9000< Teff< 10 0000K and from 3.7 to 4.3 in log g. This range of effective temperatures and surface gravities is representative of the values either known directly or deduced from comparison between stellar models and observations of hydrogen line profiles and continuous fluxes for Vega and Sirius. In addition we have constructed a set of models at Teff=95000 with a log H/metals of approximately 4, 3, and 2. The equivalent widths of several representative metal lines were calculated from those models and the results are compared with the observed equivalent widths. The abundances we have obtained are as follows: LogA GMA Element a Lyr a CMa Log A Nai . -5.70 -5.70 Mgi -4.50 -4.50 -4.60 Ain . -4.70 -5.80 Sin -4.50 -3.50 -4.50 Cai . -6.00 -5.85 Scn -9.00 -10.0 -9.18 Tii . -5.75 -7.32 Tin -7.20 -6.25 Cri -6.70 -6.25 -6.64 Crn -7.00 -6.5 Mni -6.2 -6.2 -7.10 Fei -5.4 -5.0 -5.43 However, estimates of microturbulent velocities in the atmospheres of both stars are critical in these abundance determinations, particularly since most of the Mg and Si lines observed fall on the flat portion of the curve of growth. Further observations will be necessary to determine these microturbulent velocities. Title: An Archetype Non-Gray Stellar Atmosphere. Authors: Gingerich, Owen; Mihalas, Dimitri; Matsushima, Satoshi; Strom, Stephen Bibcode: 1965ApJ...141..316G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Leonid meteors Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1965IAUC.1941....1G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Summary: Comparison of Archetype Model Atmospheres Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1964SAOSR.167..143G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Review of Opacity Calculations Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1964SAOSR.167...17G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Hamming's Method for Integrating the Equation of Hydrostatic Equilibrium Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1964SAOSR.167...56G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Transfer of the Central Telegram Bureau; Roman Numeral Designations of Comets in 1962 Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1964HarAC1674....1G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: A Procedure for Evaluating the Flux Integral Authors: Gingerich, O. Bibcode: 1964SAOSR.167...77G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Proceedings of the First Harvard-Smithsonian Conference on Stellar Atmospheres Authors: Avrett, E. H.; Gingerich, O. J.; Whitney, C. A. Bibcode: 1964SAOSR.167.....A Altcode: A Conference on model stellar atmospheres was held at the Observatory on January 20-21, 1964, in conjunction with Harvard College Observatory. The Proceedings principally comprise texts provided by the participants. Discussions from the floor were tape-recorded and have been summarized and paraphrased by the organizing committee for inclusion in these proceedings. Following is a list of papers and participants: Session I. Basic Data for Model Atmospheres: (1) Introductory Remarks, by E. Böhm-Vitense (2) Pressure-Dependent Partition Functions and Equilibrium Constants for Molecular Hydrogen, by M. S. Vardya; (3) Computation of Adiabatic Gradient, by M. S. Vardya; (4) Review of Opacity Calculations, by O. Gingerich; (5) H+2 Absorption as a Source of Continuous Opacity in the Stellar Atmospheres, by S. Matsushima; (6) Opacity at λ 1.65 μ in Late-Type Stars, by M. S. Vardya; (7) Computation of Some Photoionization Cross Sections of Neutral Carbon, by F. Praderie and (8) Hamming's Method for Integrating the Equation of Hydrostatic Equilibrium, by O. Gingerich, Session II. Nongray Atmospheres: (1) Evaluation of Flux and Intensity Integrals, by E. H. Avrett; (2) A Procedure for Evaluating the Flux Integral, by O. Gingerich; (3) A Procedure for Computing the Mean Intensity and the Flux, by P. Feautrier; (4) Temperature-Correction Procedures, by E. H. Avrett; (5) A Temperature-Correction Procedure, by L. B. Lucy; (6) An Integral Equation for the Temperature Correction in a Nongray Atmosphere, by E. Böhm-Vitense (7) A Method for Improving the T(x) Law, by P. Feautrier; (8) An Iterative Solution for the Source Function in the Gray Atmosphere in Radiative Equilibrium, by K. Grossman; (9) Effects of Errors in the Absorption Coefficient on the Non-gray Model Stellar Atmospheres, by S. Matsushima and Y. Terashita; (10) Comments on Blanketing, by D. Fischel; and (11) Theoretical Results on the Effect of Blanketing on T(τ), by R. Cayrel. Session III. Comparison of Specific Models: (1) Summary: Comparison of Archetype Model Atmospheres, by O. Gingerich; and (2) A Standard Model Atmosphere for a Pure Hydrogen Star of Effective Temperature 104°K, by M. Lecar. Session IV.Significance of Uncertainities in the Physical Theory: (1) Significance of Uncertainties in the Physical Theory of Radiative Transfer, by K. H. Böhm (2) On the Temperature of Radiative Equilibrium in a Layer of Optically Thin Gas in the Radiation Field of the Solar Photosphere, by R. Cayrel; (3) Departures from LTE Implied by Bound-Free and Free-Free Transitions, by W. Kalkofen; (4) Estimates of the Boundary Temperature of a Nongray Stellar Atmosphere, by M. Lecar; (5) Boundary Temperatures for Models with a Step-Function Absorption Coefficient, by E. H. Avrett and R. Loeser; (6) Convective Stellar Model Atmospheres, by D. W. Latham; (7) Convection in Late-Type Stars: A Few Random Remarks, by M. S. Vardya;(8) Solar Convection, by T. L. Swihart; and (9) Comments on Convection, by D. Fischel. Session V. Contact with Astronomical Data: (1) Contact with Astronomical Data, by A. B. Underhill; (2) The Utrecht Reference Model of the Photosphere, by J. R. W.Heintze, H. Hubenet, and C. de Jager; (3) The Center-to-Limb Variations in the Far Ultraviolet Continuum, by S. Matsushima; (4) Quantitative Interpretation of Stellar Spectra Using Model Atmospheres, by B. Baschek; (5) The Computation of Spectroscopic Data for 60 New Model Photospheres, by C. de Jager and L. Neven; (6) A Comparison between Model Atmospheres and Observations of Early-Type Stars, by S. E. Strom; (7) Abundances in Normal Stars and AM Stars Using Semiempirical Model Atmosphere Conti; (8) Comparison of Some Theoretical Line Contours of Hγ with Observations, by F. M. Stienon; and (9) Theoretical Model Atmosphere Data Needed for Interpretation of Observational Material, by L. H. Aller. Title: Laboratory Exercises in Astronomy -- The Rotation of Saturn and Its Rings Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1964S&T....28..278G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Laboratory Exercises in Astronomy -- Spectral Classification Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1964S&T....28...80G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Laboratory Exercises in Astronomy -- The Moon's Orbit Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1964S&T....27..220G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Review of Publications- Solar and Planetary Longitudes for the Years -2500 to +2000 by 10-Day Intervals Authors: Stahlman, William D.; Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1963JRASC..57..232S Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Studies in Non-Gray Stellar Atmospheres. I. a Basic Computer Program. Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1963ApJ...138..576G Altcode: This paper describes the logical and mathematical basis of a versatile computer program for non-gray stellar atmospheres. The program uses the Krook-Avrett iteration procedure to correct an initial temperature distribution, achieving a flux constancy of a few tenths per cent. This procedure is compared with three less efficient correction methods. Title: A Spiral Galaxy of Astronomers Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1963S&T....25..132G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Solar and planetary longitudes for years -2500 to +2000 by 10-day intervals. Authors: Stahlman, William D.; Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1963sply.book.....S Altcode: 1963QB7.S73........ No abstract at ADS Title: Krook's Iterative Procedure for the Temperature Distribution in Model Stellar Atmospheres. Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1962AJ.....67S.272G Altcode: The computer program for non-gray stellar atmospheres in use at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory has been modified to incorporate a powerful new variational procedure suggested by Max Krook. Although similar to the Krook-Poincare-Lighthill perturbation method (Gingerich thesis, Harvard, 1961), the new scheme can improve an arbitrary initial temperature distribution. Thus it possesses a highly desirable iterative ability. The new scheme requires roughly one-third as many iterations as the alternate use of the Stromgren-Swihart and lambda-operator methods formerly employed (see Gingerich thesis). It can achieve a flux constant to about 0.2% in three to five iterations. The time required per iteration with the IBM 7090 electronic computer is approximately three minutes for a non-gray model stellar atmosphere with continuous opacity sources. Krook's iterative procedure has been used to establish the well-known gray temperature distribution, temperatures in gray "picket-fence" models and in solar-type model atmospheres both with continuous opacity sources and with simulated absorption lines. We are also beginning to use this program in studies of convective solar models. This work has been supported in part by a National Science Foundation grant to Dr. Charles A. Whitney. Title: A Study of Non-Grey Stellar Atmospheres. Authors: Gingerich, Owen Jay Bibcode: 1962PhDT.........1G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Polynomial Approximation for the Negative Hydrogen-Ion Absorption Coefficient. Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1961ApJ...134..653G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: A Computer Program for Nongray Stellar Atmospheres. Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1961AJ.....66Q.285G Altcode: A versatile computer program for nongray stellar atmospheres in the F0 to K2 range has been developed for use with the IBM 7090 at Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. The program constructs a model atmosphere based on an arbitrary temperature distribution, calculates a series of fluxes and intensities (using either the Eddington approximation or the exact integrals), and corrects the temperature distribution according to one of three procedures. The opacity may be gray, or derived from the a (H), a (H-) and Rayleigh scattering; furthermore, absorption lines can be simulated by a discontinuous opac1ty, whiuh may be depth dependent. Two different formulations of the condition of radiative equilibrium can be exploited to correct the temperature distribution: the flux (determined by the phi operator) must be constant at each depth, or the derivative of the flux (determined by the lambda operator) must vanish so that the absorption balances the emission at each depth. The latter formulation is especially applicable near the surface of a star where the first criterion is insufficient to determine the run of temperature. A powerful initial correction to the temperature distribution is accomplished with the Poincar6- Lighthill-Krook perturbation method, which combines both criteria, varying not only the temperature but also the optical depth (the independent variable). The Stro~mgren-Swihart method, based on the phi operation, can then be used to achieve a flux constant to better than 21%, and a final correction of the temperatures near the surface is possible by a modified lambda operation method. The monochromatic fluxes depend critically on the temperature distribution throughout the atmosphere, and by the use of the three methods successively a close approximation can be obtained. This work has been supported in part by the National Science Foundation. Title: A Computer Prgoram for Non-Grey Stellar Atmospheres Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1961LIACo..10..576G Altcode: 1961MSRSL...4..575G; 1961LIACo..10..575G No abstract at ADS Title: The Missing Messier Objects Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1960S&T....20..196G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Abbe Lacaille's List of Clusters and Nebulae Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1960S&T....19..207G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: A Model of Jupiter's Satellite Orbits Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1959S&T....18..376G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The Solar System beyond Neptune Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1959SciAm.200d..86G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: The Naming of Uranus and Neptune Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1958ASPL....8....9G Altcode: 1958ASPL..352.....G No abstract at ADS Title: American University Observatory Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1957S&T....16..212G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Eclipse in Ceylon Authors: Chamberlain, J. M.; Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1955S&T....14..452C Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Observing the Messier Catalogue Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1954S&T....13..157G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Messier and His Catalogue II Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1953S&T....12..288G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Messier and His Catalogue I Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1953S&T....12..255G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Eclipse Saros Series Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1951S&T....10..288G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: Eclipse Experiences Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1951S&T....10..287G Altcode: No abstract at ADS Title: North Central Regional Convention Held at Oshkosh Authors: Gingerich, Owen Bibcode: 1950S&T.....9..190G Altcode: No abstract at ADS