Author name code: whitaker ADS astronomy entries on 2022-09-14 author:"Whitaker, William A." ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Title: Uranus System Exploration Under the New Frontiers Mission Class (A Novel Perspective) Authors: Balint, Tibor; Atkinson, David; Babuscia, Alessandra; Baker, John; Bradford, Case; Elder, Catherine; Conversano, Ryan; Feldman, Sabrina; Furst, Benjamin; Freeman, Anthony; Garner, Gregory; Goebel, Dan; Hosseini, Sona; Leonard, Erin; Nordheim, Tom Andre; Petropoulos, Anastassios; Reh, Kim; Roberts, Scott; Sotin, Christophe; Weiss, Benjamin; Whitaker, William; Members of JPL's A-Team Bibcode: 2021BAAS...53d.040B Altcode: 2021psad.rept..040B We outline a framework of New Frontiers concepts for the scientific exploration of the Uranus System (Uranus, its moons, rings, magnetosphere) by optimizing the available resources using SmallSat-inspired instruments and subsystems. We make the case for including the Uranus System as one of the named NF exploration targets in the Decadal Survey. Title: Distant Seismic Waves from a High-Altitude Source Authors: Nickel, George H.; Whitaker, William A. Bibcode: 1971GeoJ...26..369N Altcode: 1971GeoJI..26..369N No abstract at ADS Title: The General Circulation of the Solar Atmosphere: A Nonlinear Mechanism for Countergradient Transport. Authors: Whitaker, William A.; Nickel, George H. Bibcode: 1968AJS....73R..83W Altcode: The flow of angular momentum on the surface of the sun is in the wrong direction if viewed as a diffusion process. This countergradient transport can be thought of as a flow of energy from small eddies to larger eddies in wave-number space. We first review the development of the basic elements of mechanism for turbulent energy flow in this "wrong" direction. This process depends on the restriction of the flow to two dimensions, and has been known for over 15 years. We next trace the development by meteorologists of techniques to calculate the nonlinear transport of energy between horizontal eddies on a sphere. Finally, we apply these calculational techniques to the solar surface, employing arbitrary energy sources at small modes, a model of turbulent viscous damping, and hundreds of hours of digital computer calculations. This numerical experiment has been able to build up random horizontal motions whose long time averages agree with Ward's averages of sunspot motions. The horizontal instability suggested by Gilman is found to correspond to a source of small-scale motions which is in agreement with these averages. Title: Heating of the Solar Corona by Gravity Waves. Authors: Whitaker, William A. Bibcode: 1963ApJ...137..914W Altcode: A new type of hydrodynamic-wave heating is proposed for the solar corona. It is shown that internal gravity waves are preferentially generated by the convection zone and are easily transmitted to the corona. Acoustic waves with frequency characteristic of the photospheric granules cannot be transmitted through the reversing layer. The gravity waves are shown to dissipate by thermal conduction in the corona. A model is derived giving a 1060 K corona. The sensitivity of this model to various assumptions is demonstrated. It is stable against small disturbances, but large instabilities may grow in the presence of a vertical magnetic field, leading to the formation of coronal streamers and a hoselike solar wind. Title: Project Jason Measurement of Trapped Electrons from a Nuclear Device by Sounding Rockets Authors: Allen, Lew, Jr.; Beavers, James L., II; Whitaker, William A.; Welch, Jasper A., Jr.; Walton, Roddy B. Bibcode: 1959JGR....64..893A Altcode: Solid-propellant rockets were sent to altitudes of 800 km from three stations in the eastern United States to observe electrons injected into the geomagnetic field from a small high-altitude nuclear detonation. The electron flux was measured by an assembly of Geiger counters. Shortly after a nuclear detonation above the south Atlantic, a narrow region of high counting rate was observed. The geometry of the observations is related to the geomagnetic field. The region consisted of an intense band about 20 km wide (half-width at half maximum counting rate) and less intense wings extending at least 700 km north and perhaps 700 km south of the band. Neither position nor width of the band changed during the observations, which consisted of periodic soundings until 100 hr after the nuclear detonation. The intensity of both the wings and the band decayed during the measurements as 1/t, which is consistent with the hypothesis that small-angle scattering is the dominant loss mechanism. The angular distribution of the radiation was measured, and the electron flux was observed to be confined very nearly to a plane perpendicular to the field lines. Spectral measurements show far fewer electrons above 4 Mev than were expected from the fission beta spectrum. Betas trapped from the decay of neutrons emitted from large-yield high-altitude weapon tests in the Pacific were also noted. Title: Theory of Geomagnetically Trapped Electrons from an Artificial Source Authors: Welch, Jasper A., Jr.; Whitaker, William A. Bibcode: 1959JGR....64..909W Altcode: A theoretical formulation has been made for the history of an artificial shell of geomagnetically trapped electrons resulting from low-yielding nuclear detonations in the exosphere. The formulation assumes a source distribution and gives the spatial distribution of trapped electrons along the magnetic field lines, the drift rate around the world, and the configuration of the resulting shell. Interactions of the shell with the atmosphere lead to an electron density decaying inversely with time from injection for times longer than a characteristic lifetime that is a function of altitude and electron energy. The electron flux is found to be very nearly confined to a plane perpendicular to the field direction after several characteristic lifetimes. Scattering by geomagnetic fluctuations is probably not an important loss mechanism for the artificial shell, but it may be important for the hard component of the natural trapped belt. The effect of the geomagnetic anomaly over the south Atlantic has been described qualitatively. Jason rocket data and Explorer IV satellite data have been compared with the theoretical results.