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Author name code: musman
ADS astronomy entries on 2022-09-14
author:"Musman, Steven"

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Title: Comparison of Local Helioseismic Techniques Applied to MDI
    Doppler Data
Authors: Hindman, B. W.; Featherstone, N. A.; Haber, D. A.; Musman,
   S.; Toomre, J.
2004ESASP.559..460H    Altcode: 2004soho...14..460H
  No abstract at ADS

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Title: Plasmaspheric depletion and refilling associated with the
    September 25, 1998 magnetic storm observed by ground magnetometers
    at L = 2
Authors: Chi, P. J.; Russell, C. T.; Musman, S.; Peterson, W. K.;
   Le, G.; Angelopoulos, V.; Reeves, G. D.; Moldwin, M. B.; Chun, F. K.
2000GeoRL..27..633C    Altcode:
  The plasmaspheric mass density at L ≃ 2 was monitored by two IGPP/LANL
  ground magnetometer stations during the magnetic storm on September 25,
  1998. Even at this low latitude the plasma density dropped significantly
  to ≃ 1/4 of the pre-storm value. The total electron content (TEC)
  inferred by GPS signals also shows a sizable decrease during the
  storm. The observations suggest that the convection caused by the
  strong electric field associated with the magnetic storm eroded the
  plasmasphere as low as L = 2, which is a much lower latitude than
  that expected from the estimated potential drop across the polar cap
  together with a simple model of the magnetospheric convection pattern.

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Title: Total electron content changes in the ionosphere during the
    January 10, 1997 disturbance
Authors: Musman, Steven; Mader, Gerry; Dutton, C. Everett
1998GeoRL..25.3055M    Altcode:
  We have used the CORS network of GPS receivers to record ionospheric TEC
  changes in the continental United States caused by the well observed
  geomagnetic disturbance of January 10, 1997. This event produced
  numerous worldwide consequences. Although the initial arrival of this
  disturbance was before sunrise in the U.S. the TEC levels were most
  significantly altered later during the daylight hours. We display
  temporal and spatial changes through time series at selected sites
  and maps of the entire network. The usual sequence of diurnal changes
  was not greatly altered, but most of the TEC values were increased by
  about a factor of one and a half to two. Stations in the northeast
  and upper north central were exceptions and showed a small decrease
  in TEC. We interpret the TEC changes as consequences of changes in
  neutral chemical composition resulting from storm heating.

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Title: Imaging spread-F structures using GPS observations at
    Alcântara, Brazil
Authors: Musman, S.; Jahn, J. -M.; LaBelle, J.; Swartz, W. E.
1997GeoRL..24.1703M    Altcode:
  During October 1994, a dual-frequency GPS receiver was operated in
  Alcântara, Brazil, at the same site where the Cornell University
  Portable Radar Interferometer (CUPRI) was performing spread-F
  measurements for an ongoing rocket campaign. We present data for
  two nights during which several spread-F plumes drifted through the
  field-of-view of CUPRI. Fluctuations in the total electron content
  (TEC) measured with the GPS receiver were correlated with those
  plumes. We define a “roughness” measure from a specialized high
  frequency filter. Plots of “roughness” in a magnetic longitude
  versus time space show initially low activity followed by regions of
  dramatic localized onsets and a slower subsequent decline. Features
  in the roughness image are well-correlated with plumes in the CUPRI
  backscatter power map.

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Title: Simultaneous Global Positioning System and radar observations
    of equatorial spread F at Kwajalein
Authors: Kelley, Michael C.; Hysell, David; Musman, Steven
1996JGR...101.2333K    Altcode:
  GPS satellites broadcast at two frequencies (L1 of 1575.42 MHz and
  L2 of 1227.6 MHz). The dispersive property of the ionosphere is
  frequently used to correct positional measurements for ionospheric
  effects. Independent measurements at the two frequencies can also
  be combined to form a relative ionospheric delay and a measure of
  the total electron content (TEC) which is uncertain by an additive
  constant. In a previous paper (Musman et al., 1990) estimates
  of this offset were utilized in constructing models of the time
  history of the equivalent zenith delay at Westford, Massachusetts. An
  ionospheric model composed of uniform shells whose electron density
  changes slowly in a typical diurnal pattern would produce relative
  ionospheric delays with a simple u-shaped or j-shaped curve. Most
  of the change in delay would be a result of changes in geometry
  between the observer and the satellite. Departures from a simple
  pattern are indicative of ionospheric disturbances and the influence
  of the protonosphere. From GPS data alone, it is ambiguous whether
  these disturbances are due to spatial structures, temporal changes,
  or some combination of the two. Equatorial spread F(ESF) refers to
  a variety of equatorial ionospheric disturbances, some of which are
  associated with rising plasma plumes having low electron density and
  a high degree of turbulence. This phenomenon occurs primarily between
  local sunset and local midnight at sites within about 15° of the
  magnetic equator. In some seasons, disturbances can occur during two
  out of three evenings, while at other times it can be much quieter. GPS
  observations at Kwajalein (9°N latitude) reported here for August
  14, 1990, show severe ionospheric disruption. Two independent and
  simultaneous sets of radar observations confirm the presence of ESF
  and reveal quite a bit about the spatial and temporal conditions which
  affect the system. GPS observations on August 15, 1990, when no ESF
  was present are much quieter. We find that tens of minute variations
  in the TEC correspond to the motion of large scale features across the
  GPS field of view. More severe GPS effects are seen to be collocated
  with turbulent low density plumes which rise rapidly to high altitudes
  and drift west to east across the GPS line of sight. Severe disruption
  can occur in moderately sophisticated GPS systems during such events,
  at least near solar maximum.

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Title: Statistical tests of ARIES data
Authors: Musman, S.
1982JGR....87.5553M    Altcode:
  Statistical tests are performed on Project ARIES preliminary
  baseline measurements in the Southern California triangle formed by
  the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the Owens Valley Radio observatory,
  and the Goldstone tracking complex during 1976-1980. In addition
  to conventional one-dimensional tests a two-dimensional test which
  allows for an arbitrary correlation between errors in individual
  components is formulated using the Hotelling statistic. On two out
  of three baselines the mean rate of change in baseline vector is
  statistically significant. Apparent motions on all three baselines are
  consistent with a pure shear with north-south compression and east-west
  expansion of 1×10<SUP>-</SUP><SUP>7</SUP>/year. The ARIES measurement
  are consistent with the USGS geodolite networks in Southern California
  and the SAFE laser satellite ranging experiment. All three experiments
  are consistent with a 6 cm/year motion between the Pacific and North
  American Plates and a band of diffuse shear 300 km wide, except that
  corresponding rotation of the entire triangle is not found.

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Title: The Evolution of an Average Solar Granule
Authors: Altrock, R. C.; Musman, S.
1981BAAS...13..879A    Altcode:
  No abstract at ADS

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Title: Is Granulation a Periodic Phenomenon?
Authors: Altrock, R. C.; Musman, S.
1980BAAS...12..894A    Altcode:
  No abstract at ADS

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Title: Physical Development of an Average Solar Granule
Authors: Altrock, R. C.; Musman, S.
1979BAAS...11..641A    Altcode:
  No abstract at ADS

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Title: Recurrent geomagnetic disturbances and coronal holes as
    observed in Fe XIV λ5303 Å
Authors: Musman, S.; Altrock, R. C.
1978JGR....83.4817M    Altcode:
  We present data obtained with the Fe XIV λ5303-Å coronal photometer of
  the Sacramento Peak Observatory for the period October 3 to December 22,
  1976. During this period there was a pattern of three coronal holes and
  three emission regions near the solar equator. Recurrent geomagnetic
  disturbances were associated with two of these three holes. We propose
  a simple method for predicting recurrent geomagnetic disturbances
  were associated with two of these three holes. We propose a simple
  method for predicting recurrent geomagnetic disturbances at times
  of low solar activity based on coronal brightness and test it on our
  data. We show that the method gives correct results 72% of the time,
  compared with 64% for 27 day recurrence.

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Title: Time Development of Solar Granulation
Authors: Altrock, R. C.; Musman, S.
1978BAAS...10..623A    Altcode:
  No abstract at ADS

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Title: The scale of the solar granulation.
Authors: Nelson, G. D.; Musman, S.
1978ApJ...222L..69N    Altcode:
  The observed scale of granulation is derived as a consequence of a
  physical model. At scales smaller than granulation, horizontal radiative
  transport reduces temperature fluctuations and the resultant buoyancy
  forces in the surface layers. At scales only slightly larger than
  granulation, the dynamical pressure required to drive horizontal motions
  changes the opacity sufficiently to reduce the apparent contrast. This
  raises the possibility that the dark center of an exploding granule
  may actually be hot below the surface. The maximum possible horizontal
  extent of a surface-driven convective flow is estimated as 4.5 times
  granular scale.

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Title: The Scale of Granulation.
Authors: Musman, S. A.; Nelson, G. D.
1977BAAS....9..616M    Altcode:
  No abstract at ADS

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Title: A dynamical model of solar granulation.
Authors: Nelson, G. D.; Musman, S.
1977ApJ...214..912N    Altcode:
  We construct a steady-state model of solar granulation with a
  simplified horizontal structure. As in our previous model the
  transfer of radiation dominates the energy balance and determines the
  temperature fluctuations. The turbulent drag force which we include
  in a simplified form balances the buoyancy created by the temperature
  fluctuations. Penetration of velocity and temperature fluctuations
  are similar to those observed. The small-scale turbulence generated by
  granular motions may be an important contributor to observed unresolved
  motions but cannot account for the total.

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Title: Global oscillations of the solar brightness.
Authors: Musman, S.; Nye, A. H.
1977ApJ...212L..95M    Altcode:
  The Sacramento Peak Observatory vacuum tower telescope, echelle
  spectrograph, and diode array were used to search for global solar
  oscillations. The technique employed compares the relative intensity
  of a number of points on the solar disk and favors the detection of
  nonradial modes. In 6 days of observing, no narrow-band oscillations
  with periods between 15 and 90 minutes were found. The sensitivity
  per independent frequency interval is 0.0002 in contrast, or 0.3 K
  in temperature.

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Title: Introduction
Authors: Musman, Steven A.
1977lsms.procD...3M    Altcode:
  No abstract at ADS

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Title: Coronal holes as observed in Fe XIV 5303 Å.
Authors: Altrock, R. C.; Musman, S. A.
1977BAAS....9R.432A    Altcode:
  No abstract at ADS

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Title: Large-Scale Motions on the Sun
Authors: Musman, Steven A.
1977lsms.proc.....M    Altcode:
  No abstract at ADS

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Title: Global Solar Oscillations
Authors: Musman, Steven; Nye, Alan H.
1976ssp..conf...19M    Altcode:
  No abstract at ADS

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Title: The energy balance of granulation.
Authors: Musman, S.; Nelson, G. D.
1976ApJ...207..981M    Altcode:
  We construct columnar models of the solar granulation based on the
  balance of convective energy carried by a vertical velocity field
  and radiation. A specified velocity field and perturbation of the
  radiative flux determines the variation of temperature fluctuations
  with height. For a nominal model we compute the variation of contrast
  with wavelength and heliocentric angle. We conclude that the observed
  temperature fluctuations cannot be produced by the observed velocities
  alone, but require either a modified radiation field or turbulent
  energy transport, or both.

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Title: Observations of penumbral wave in the photosphere.
Authors: Musman, S.; Nye, A. H.; Thomas, J. H.
1976ApJ...206L.175M    Altcode:
  Simultaneous observations have been made of velocities in the
  chromosphere (in H-alpha) and in the photosphere (in the nonmagnetic
  Fe I line at 5526-A) of three sunspots. The results reveal waves
  propagating horizontally outward across the penumbra in the photosphere
  with about the same period as the running penumbral waves in H-alpha
  (250-290 s). The photospheric waves are more intermittent and have
  higher horizontal phase velocity (by a factor of 2 or more) than the
  chromospheric penumbral waves.

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Title: Observations of Penumbral Waves in the Photosphere
Authors: Musman, S.; Nye, A. H.; Thomas, J. H.
1976BAAS....8..344M    Altcode:
  No abstract at ADS

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Title: Global Solar Oscillations
Authors: Musman, S.; Nye, A. H.
1976BAAS....8..299M    Altcode:
  No abstract at ADS

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Title: Physical conditions in granulation.
Authors: Altrock, R. C.; Musman, S.
1976ApJ...203..533A    Altcode:
  High-resolution spectroheliograms made in the Ti I and Fe I 5016-A lines
  with the diode array of a tower telescope are analyzed. Temperature
  perturbations (delta T) were introduced into the Harvard-Smithsonian
  Reference Atmosphere and varied empirically until the calculated line
  profiles matched the observed profiles. It is found that the absolute
  value of delta T increases going downward in the low photosphere. In the
  middle photosphere, the absolute value does not exceed 70 K. It is also
  found that the large buoyant forces implied by the solutions for delta T
  are inconsistent with the small observed accelerations in the granular
  flow. It is concluded that this incompatibility provides additional
  evidence besides line broadening for the existence of microturbulence in
  the low photosphere. The convective flux at an optical thickness of 3
  (5000 A) is small compared with the total flux. Also, the temperature
  fluctuations are much larger than those that would be produced by
  the observed convective velocities alone. Thus, the observable low
  photosphere appears to be near radiative equilibrium.

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Title: Physical condition in granulation
Authors: Altrock, R. C.; Musman, S.
1976pmas.conf..285A    Altcode:
  No abstract at ADS

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Title: Coronal Density Distributions from FeXIV λ5303 Data
Authors: Fisher, R.; Musman, S.; Seagraves, P.
1975BAAS....7..355F    Altcode:
  No abstract at ADS

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Title: Observations of Velocity and Intensity Fluctuations in Solar
    Granulation
Authors: Musman, S.
1975BAAS....7R.362M    Altcode:
  No abstract at ADS

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Title: Physical Conditions in Granulation
Authors: Altrock, R. C.; Musman, S.
1975BAAS....7..362A    Altcode:
  No abstract at ADS

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Title: Detection of coronal holes from lambda 5303 Fe XIV
    observations.
Authors: Fisher, R.; Musman, S.
1975ApJ...195..801F    Altcode:
  Photoelectric measurements of intensity are used to estimate the
  distribution of volume emissivity in the coronal green line over the
  solar surface. Using this distribution and a calculated dependence
  of emissivity as a function of temperature and electron density, it
  is possible to estimate a coronal density distribution. An example
  is given which shows a region of drastically reduced emissivity -
  a coronal hole - which was simultaneously detected by spacecraft.

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Title: The Origin of the Solar Five-Minute Oscillation
Authors: Musman, Steven
1974SoPh...36..313M    Altcode:
  Two absorption lines formed in the lower photosphere were used to
  study simultaneous velocity and intensity fluctuations. No significant
  correspondence was found between the locations of granules and those of
  oscillation, even when a time lag was included. This result supports
  the explanation of the origin of the oscillations as a self-excited
  sound wave rather than the local response to a granule excitation.

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Title: The Generation of the Solar Five-Minute Oscillation
Authors: Musman, Steven
1974BAAS....6S.292M    Altcode:
  No abstract at ADS

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Title: The Location of Exploding Granules
Authors: Allen, Marc S.; Musman, Steven
1973SoPh...32..311A    Altcode:
  No abstract at ADS

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Title: Vertical Phase Variation and Mechanical Flux in the Solar
    5-MINUTE Oscillation
Authors: Canfield, Richard C.; Musman, Steven
1973ApJ...184L.131C    Altcode:
  We have made observations of the solar five-minute oscillation that
  allow measurement of the difference of phase between absorption
  lines formed over a range of almost 1000 km in the photosphere
  and chromosphere. We derive phase velocities, group velocities,
  and mechanical fluxes. The amount of mechanical flux lost by the
  five-minute oscillation matches the estimated chromospheric radiative
  loss in quantity but has a different height distribution. This
  difference implies that a change in the mode of energy propagation
  may take place below 500 km. Subject headings:chromosphere, solar -
  solar atmospheric motions

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Title: Observation and Interpretation of Phase Lags in the Five-Minute
    Oscillation
Authors: Canfield, Richard C.; Musman, Steven
1973BAAS....5..269C    Altcode:
  No abstract at ADS

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Title: The Dynamics of Solar Granulation.
Authors: Musman, S.
1973BAAS....5....2M    Altcode:
  No abstract at ADS

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Title: A Mechanism for the Exploding Granule Phenomenon
Authors: Musman, Steven
1972SoPh...26..290M    Altcode:
  I suggest that the exploding granule phenomenon is a consequence
  of the observed internal granular motions and the conservation of
  angular momentum. When a granule rising from the convection zone
  penetrates into the overlying stable region it is stretched out
  horizontally. Conservation of angular momentum in the internal motions
  changes its form into a vortex ring. A time sequence of photographs
  showing an exploding solar granule is described. The proposed mechanism
  is illustrated by a laboratory simulation and a numerical calculation.

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Title: A Mechanism for Exploding Solar Granules
Authors: Musman, Steven
1972BAAS....4S.388M    Altcode:
  No abstract at ADS

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Title: Interference in Solar Oscillations
Authors: Reif, R. J.; Musman, Steven
1971SoPh...20..257R    Altcode:
  We have analyzed magnetograph observations of the 5-min oscillations. We
  find that most of the oscillatory power is concentrated in space and
  frequency. Interference effects where these concentrations overlap
  can explain some of the variations in amplitude of the oscillation.

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Title: Bright-Dark Asymmetry in Solar Granulation
Authors: Parvey, Michael I.; Musman, Steven
1971SoPh...18..385P    Altcode:
  Although a positive print of solar granulation gives the impression of
  bright irregular areas on a dark background, this impression is highly
  subjective and depends upon the nature of the photographic process. We
  developed an objective method for comparing bright and dark features
  and applied it to 40 000 elements from a granulation photograph. Each
  element had dimensions of 150 km by 150 km. We found that dark features
  were fewer in number, larger, and had larger perimeter-to-area ratios
  than the bright features. The statistical confidence level of our
  results exceeded 99%. Our results are consistent with the subjective
  impression that granulation is composed of bright features separated
  by dark lanes.

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Title: Interference of solar oscillations.
Authors: Reif, R. J.; Musman, S.
1971BAAS....3..264R    Altcode:
  No abstract at ADS

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Title: Bright-dark asymmetry in solar granulation
Authors: Parvey, Michael I.; Musman, Steven Abel
1971PGLO..120..386P    Altcode:
  No abstract at ADS

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Title: Observations and Interpretion of Supergranule Velocity and
    Magnetic Fields
Authors: Musman, S.
1971IAUS...43..289M    Altcode:
  No abstract at ADS

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Title: Bright-Dark Asymmetry in Solar Granulation
Authors: Parvey, Michael I.; Musman, Steven
1970BAAS....2Q.335P    Altcode:
  No abstract at ADS

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Title: Vertical Velocities and Horizontal Wave Propagation in the
    Solar Photosphere
Authors: Musman, Steven; Rust, David M.
1970SoPh...13..261M    Altcode:
  We used the Sacramento Peak Doppler-Zeeman Analyzer to study the
  velocity and magnetic fields in 60″ × 300″ areas on the solar
  disk. We map the steady component of the line-of-sight velocity
  and longitudinal magnetic fields and compare them with the coarse
  Ca<SUP>+</SUP> network. The collective phase behavior of the 5-min
  oscillations is studied in detail. We find large scale phase coherence,
  including waves with typical horizontal phase velocities of 100 km/sec
  which can be followed up to 50 000 km. The important oscillatory
  features are interpreted in terms of the properties of modified
  sound waves. We find no apparent relationship between the steady and
  oscillatory fields.

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Title: Mechanical Heating of the Chromosphere and Corona
Authors: Musman, S.
1969cctr.conf..181M    Altcode:
  No abstract at ADS

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Title: Two-Dimensional Observations of Solar Oscilating Regions
Authors: Musman, Steven A.; Rust, David M.
1969BAAS....1S.287M    Altcode:
  No abstract at ADS

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Title: The Effect of Finite Resolution on Solar Granulation
Authors: Musman, Steven
1969SoPh....7..178M    Altcode:
  Some numerical experiments were performed in order to simulate the
  effect of finite resolution on solar granulation. When a two-dimensional
  pattern is smeared, another pattern emerges whose nature depends on the
  width of the smearing function rather than the original pattern. The
  size of the structures present in a typical granulation photograph
  is about that which would be expected from the smearing of smaller
  structures by the effect of atmospheric `seeing'. Only Stratoscope
  photographs appear to have unambiguously determined the nature of
  solar granulation.

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Title: Solar Convection.
Authors: Musman, Steven
1968AJS....73...73M    Altcode:
  A stringent test of a theory of solar convection is that it must
  predict correctly observable convective velocities and temperature
  differences at the solar surface. Several convective theories, which
  can well describe the structure and heat flux in a convective region
  will not do this. Thus, for example, a mixing length model for the
  solar convective zone will predict that the temperature gradient
  is very near the adiabatic one and that nearly all the heat flux is
  carried by convection. However, the velocities predicted near the top
  of the zone have little relation to observed velocities. A convective
  theory is described which does not employ a mixing length or any other
  arbitrary parameter, and can predict physically reasonable velocities
  and temperature differences. Preliminary results compare favorably
  with laboratory convective experiments. This research was supported by
  the Air Force High Altitude Solar Observatory Project under Contract
  F19628-67-C-0231.

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Title: Effect of Finite Resolution on Solar Granulation.
Authors: Musman, Steven
1968AJS....73S.194M    Altcode:
  Some numerical experiments were performed in order to simulate the
  effect of finite resolution on solar granulation. When a two-dimensional
  pattern is smeared, another pattern emerges, whose nature depends on
  the width of the smearing function. The patterns formed by smearing
  fields of random numbers resemble solar granulation, and are about
  the size to be expected from atmospheric "seeing."

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Title: ALFVÉN Waves in Sunspots
Authors: Musman, Steven
1967ApJ...149..201M    Altcode:
  Some form of non-radiative energy transport appears to be required
  in sunspots, and the possibility of Alfve'n waves is examined here. A
  simple sunspot model is constructed in which Alfve'n waves generated
  in a convectively unstable layer are permitted to propagate upward
  into an overlying stable layer. In the model investigated, only a very
  narrow range of physical conditions permits the growth of the waves,
  and it is concluded that waves of this sort are not likely to contribute
  significantly to energy transport in sunspots.

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Title: The Stability of Sunspots to the Emission of Alfv n Waves.
Authors: Musman, Steven
1965AJ.....70R.145M    Altcode:
  Several authors (Schliiter and Temesvary, 1958, IA U Symp. No. 6;
  Chitre, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 126, 431, 1963) found that
  they could not construct models of sunspots using only radiative
  transport of energy. One possible mode of nonradiative transport, that
  of Alfve'n waves, is examined here. Danielsen (Astrophys. J. 134, 289,
  1961) investigated the stability of a layer of sunspot material in a
  vertical magnetic field. He found that for a range of five orders of
  magnitude in a dimensionless number describing the physical state of
  the layer small perturbations could grow in the form of increasing
  oscillations. These oscillations can be interpreted as a standing
  Alfve'n wave in the layer. However, the boundary conditions used
  did not permit the propagation of the wave outside the layer. When
  the problem is re-examined by permitting the wave to propagate
  upward into a stable layer the properties of the unstable layer are
  drastically altered. In this case there is only a narrow range of 20%
  in the dimensionless number which allows the growth of the oscillations;
  hence it is concluded that it is not likely that Alfv~n waves contribute
  substantially to energy transport in sunspots.

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Title: An upper limit to a rayleigh scattering atmosphere on mars
Authors: Musman, Steven
1964P&SS...12..799M    Altcode:
  No abstract at ADS

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Title: The stability of sunspots to the emission of Alfvén waves
Authors: Musman, Steven Abel
1964PhDT.........9M    Altcode:
  No abstract at ADS